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Anatomy and physiology > Chapter 19: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

venipuncture is a common sampling technique because…

A
  1. superficial veins are easy to locate
  2. the walls of the veins are thinner than the walls of the arteries
  3. the blood pressure in veins is relatively low
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2
Q

in adults, the circulatory blood…

A
  1. provides nutrients, oxygen, and chemical instructions for cells
  2. is a mechanism for waste removal for cells
  3. transports special cells to defend tissues from infection and disease
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3
Q

an arterial puncture generally drawn from the radial artery at the wrist or the brachial artery at the elbow would primarily be used for…

A

checking efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs

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4
Q

the blood transports specialized cells that defend peripheral tissues from…

A

infection and disease

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5
Q

the formed elements of the blood consist of…

A

red and white blood cells, and platelets

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6
Q

the primary functions of the blood are…

A
  1. transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
  2. regulation of pH and ion compostition of interstitial fluids
  3. defense against toxins and pathogens
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7
Q

blood transports dissolved gases, bringing oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carrying carbon dioxide from…

A

the tissues to the lungs

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8
Q

the “patrol agents” in the blood that defend the body against toxins and pathogens are…

A

white blood cells and antibodies

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9
Q

the best laboratory procedure for obtaining blood to determine the hemoglobin level is…

A

puncturing the tip of the finger

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10
Q

blood temperature is roughly _________, and the blood pH averages ________.

A

38 C; 7.4

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11
Q

an example of a true statement…

A

Plasma contributes approximately 55 percent of the volume of whole blood, and H2O accounts for 92 percent of the plasma volume

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12
Q

the three primary classes of plasma proteins are…

A

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

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13
Q

in addition to water and proteins, the plasma consists of…

A

electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes

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14
Q

loose connective tissue and cartilage contain a network of insoluble fibers, whereas plasma, a fluid connective tissue, contains…

A

dissolved proteins

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15
Q

circulating mature RBCs lack…

A
  1. mitochondria
  2. ribosomes
  3. nuclei
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16
Q

the important effects on RBCs due to their unusual shape are that it…

A
  1. enables RBCs to form stacks
  2. gives each RBCs a large surface-area-to-volume ratio
  3. enables RBCs to bend and flex when entering small cappillaries and branches
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17
Q

the primary function of a mature red blood cell is…

A

transport of respiratory gases

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18
Q

the part of the hemoglobin molecule that directly interacts with oxygen is…

A

the iron ion

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19
Q

iron is necessary in the diet because it is involved with…

A

hemoglobin production

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20
Q

the iron extracted from heme molecules during hemoglobin recycling is stored in the protein-iron complexes…

A

ferritin and hemosiderin

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21
Q

during RBC recycling, each heme unit is stripped of its iron and converted to…

A

biliverdin

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22
Q

the primary site of erythropoiesis in the adult is the…

A

myeloid tissue

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23
Q

erythropoietin appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to…

A

low oxygen concentrations

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24
Q

addlutinogens are contained in the________, while the agglutins are found in the _________.

A

cell membrane of RBC; plasma

25
Q

if you have type A blood, your plasma hold circulating ________ that will attack __________ erythrocytes.

A

anti-B agglutinins; Type B

26
Q

a person with type O blood contains…

A

anti-A and anti-B agglutinins

27
Q

the two types of agranular leukocytes found in the blood are…

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

28
Q

based on their staining characteristics, the types of granular leukocytes found in the blood are…

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

29
Q

the number of eosinophils increases dramitcally during….

A

an allergic reaction or a parasitic infection

30
Q

basophils are specialized in that they…

A

contain histamine that exaggerates the inflammation response at the injury site

31
Q

megakaryocytes are specialized cells of the bone marrow responsible for…

A

formulation of platelets

32
Q

the rate of megakaryocyte activity and platelet formation is regulated by…

A
  1. thrombopoietin
  2. interleukin-6
  3. multi-CSF
33
Q

the process of hemostasis include five phases. the correct order after injury:

A
  1. vascular
  2. platelet
  3. coagulation
  4. clot retraction
  5. fibrinolysis
34
Q

the extrinsic pathway involved in blood clotting involves the release of…

A

tissue factor (TF)

35
Q

what relationship reflects events of the “common pathway”?

A

prothrombinase catalyzes the creation of thrombin, which then catalyzes creation of fibrin

36
Q

the factor that stimulates the production of neurophils, eosinophils, and basophils is…

A

G-CSF

37
Q

if blood comprises 7 percent of the body weight in kilograms, how many liters of blood there be in an individual who weigh 85 kg?

A

5.95

38
Q

the reason liver disorders can alter the composition and functional properties of the blood is because the…

A

liver is the primary source of plasma proteins

39
Q

a condition that generally results from the accelerated platelet formation in response to infection, inflammation, or cancer is…

A

thrombocytosis

40
Q

the fate of iron after hemoglobin breakdown occurs as follows:

A
  1. iron->bloodstream->transferrin->new hemoglobin
  2. heme->biliverdin->bilirubin->liver->bile->excreted
  3. iron->bloodstream->transferrin->stored ferritin and hemosiderin
41
Q

a condition in which a drifting blood clot becomes stuck in a blood vessel, blocking circulation, is called an…

A

embolism

42
Q

typically, one microliter of blood contains_______ erythrocytes.

A

5.2 million

43
Q

in a mature RBC, energy is obtained exclusively by anaerobic respiration…

A

true

44
Q

if aggulutinogen “B” meets with agglutinin “anti-A,” the result would be…

A

no aggultination would occur

45
Q

the precursor of all blood cells in the human body is the…

A

hemoctyoblast

46
Q

reticulocytes are nucleated immature cells that develop into mature…

A

erythrocytes

47
Q

the blood cells that may originate in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes as wells as in the bone marrow are the…

A

lymphocytes

48
Q

rh-negative blood indicates the…

A

absence of the Rh agglutinogen

49
Q

in hemolytic disease of the newborn, the…

A

mother’s agglutinins cross the placental barrier and destroy fetal red blood cells

50
Q

circulating leukocytes represent a small fraction of the total population, since most WBCs are found in peripheral tissues.

A

true

51
Q

a typical microliter of blood contains ________ leukocytes.

A

6000-9000

52
Q

under “normal” conditions, neutrophils compromise _________ of the circulatory white blood cells.

A

50-70 percent

53
Q

leukemia is a condition characterized by…

A

extremely elevated levels of circulating white blood cells

54
Q

platelets are unique formed elements of the blood because they…

A

are cytoplasmic fragments rather than individual cells

55
Q

fibrinolysis involves a process that begins with activation of…

A

the proenzyme plasminogen, which leads to the production of plasmin

56
Q

a vitamin K deficiency in the body will eventually cause…

A

a breakdown of the common pathway, deactivating the clotting system

57
Q

a vitamin B12 deficiency results in the type of anemia known as…

A

pernicious

58
Q

an anemia resulting from the production of an abnormal form of hemoglobin results in a condition known as…

A

sickle cell anemia

59
Q

the activity of the common pathway stimulates both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by…

A

a positive feedback loop that accelerates the clotting process

Anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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