CNS

Question 1

neural tube defect: no cerebral hemispheres

Answer 1

anencephaly

Question 2

neural tube defect: meninges and brain don’t close

Answer 2

encephalocele

Question 3

neural tube defect: meninges don’t close

Answer 3

cranial meningocele

Question 4

neural tube defect: meninges and spinal cord; spina bifida

Answer 4

meningomyelocele

Question 5

neural tube defect: meninges; spina bifida

Answer 5

spinal meningocele

Question 6

neural tube defect: vertebral arches do not close; no herniation; hairy patch

Answer 6

spina bifida occulta

Question 7

disorders of forebrain development: brain is not divided hemispheres

Answer 7

holoprosencephaly

Question 8

holoprosencephaly can result in …

Answer 8

cyclopia

Question 9

disorders of forebrain development: many small gyri

Answer 9

polymicrogyria

Question 10

disorders of forebrain development: no gryation

Answer 10

lissencephaly

Question 11

disorders of forebrain development: brain cells not divided in organized layers

Answer 11

cerebral cortical dysplasia

Question 12

“water on the brain” -too much CSF for whatever reason. usually obstruction in flow

Answer 12

hydrocephalus

Question 13

posterior skull too small, structures impede CSF flow

Answer 13

Arnold-Chiari malformations

Question 14

cystic cerebellar vermis (the middle part) causes outflow obstruction of CSF

Answer 14

Dandy-Walker malformation

Question 15

also known as “Phakomatoses”; malformations and non-neoplastic and neoplastic growths of nervous system, skin, and other systems

Answer 15

neurocutaneous syndromes

Question 16

gliomas and meningiomas; NF1 tumor suppressor gene; cafe au lait; lisch nodule

Answer 16

neurofibromatosis I

Question 17

germinal matrix hemorrhage- common in extreme …

Answer 17

prematurity

Question 18

usually idiopathic, but can be caused by an assault on the brain (metabolic, infectious, trauma); lesion is often in temporal lobe; causes periods of clonus with unconsciousness

Answer 18

epilepsy

Question 19

increased ICP; blood-brain barrier not intact; fluid seeps out of vessels; little lymphatic drainage

Answer 19

vasogenic cerebral edema

Question 20

increased ICP: cells themselves swell with fluid due to injury

Answer 20

cytotoxic cerebral edema

Question 21

increased ICP: cerebrum slips under the “falx”-a fold of dura at the top

Answer 21

subfalcine herniation

Question 22

increased ICP: cerebrum slips under the “tentorium cerebelli”-a fold of dura at the sides, also known as “Uncal” from the actual area that is affected

Answer 22

transtentorial herniation

Question 23

increased ICP: tonsils of cerebellum slip through foramen magnum

Answer 23

tonsillar herniations

Question 24

Increased ICP: buildup of the CSF in ventricles, typically due to decreased outflow

Answer 24

hydrocephalus

Question 25

in hydrocephalus: if cranial sutures are fused, results in ...

Answer 25

big ventricles and compressed brain matter

Question 26

in hydrocephalus: if sutures are open, results in ...

Answer 26

increased head size

Question 27

one treatment strategy for hydrocephalus is ... where a conduit is placed into the ventricles to drain fluid, either to an outside container or to peritoneal cavity in the abdomen

Answer 27

shunting

Question 28

most due to atherosclerotic vascular disease; blurring between gray and white matter; red dead neurons; gliosis

Answer 28

cerebral infarcts

Question 29

perfusion to entire brain is inadequate; results in ischemia

Answer 29

global hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Question 30

most common reason for intracranial hemorrhages

Answer 30

hypertension

Question 31

likely due to acquired weakening in wall; found in circle of willis; most at bifurcations; can cause subarachnoid hemorrhage;

Answer 31

saccular (or berry) aneurysms

Question 32

patients experience a pass out -> "lucid interval" -> rapid decompensation; often caused by rupture of middle meningeal artery with accompanying skull fracture; characteristic "lens" shape on CT scan; requires emergent drainage

Answer 32

epidural hematoma

Question 33

acute or chronic; not a dramatic because of slower venous bleeding rate; often occurs in elderly and may be diagnosed as dementia; "crescent" shaped bleeding

Answer 33

subdural hematoma

Question 34

characteristic whiplash motion: auto accident; axonal swellings: spheroids

Answer 34

diffuse axonal injury

Question 35

contusion: the actual impact

Answer 35

coup

Question 36

contusion: the brain banging against the opposite side

Answer 36

counter coup

Question 37

most common demyelinating disease; plaques in white matter

Answer 37

multiple sclerosis

Question 38

most common cause of dementia in the elderly; amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 38

alzheimer's disease

Question 39

beta-amyloid protein

Answer 39

amyloid plaques

Question 40

tau protein

Answer 40

neurofibrillary tangles

Question 41

loss of pigmented neurons in substantia nigra; movement disorder; lewy bodies

Answer 41

parkinson's

Question 42

involuntary writhing movements: chorea; depression and dementia; expansion of CAG triplet; atrophy of caudate nucleus and cortex

Answer 42

huntington disease

Question 43

degeneration of upper and lower neurons; muscle atrophy and weakness spasticity; bunina bodies

Answer 43

amytrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 44

very malignant; most common in kids; occurs in cerebellum; small round blue cells forming Homer Wright pseudorosettes

Answer 44

medulloblastoma

Question 45

glial tumor: necrosis and pseudopallasading; ring enhancing lesion; microvascular proliferation

Answer 45

glioblastoma

Question 46

glial tumor: commonly adulthood; cerebral hemispheres; "fried egg appearance", "satellitosis"

Answer 46

oligodendroglioma

Question 47

glial tumor: mostly in ventricles or central canal of spinal cord; perivascular pseudorosettes

Answer 47

ependyomas

Question 48

arise from cells covering brain and spinal cord; psammoma bodies

Answer 48

meningioma

Question 49

most common tumor of the brain

Answer 49

metastatic tumor

Question 50

inflammation limited to the meninges and the subarachnoid space; nuchal rigidity, photophobia and headache

Answer 50

meningitis

Question 51

meningitis: usually bacterial; E coli, meningococcus

Answer 51

acute pyogenic meningitis

Question 52

meningitis: viral; ECHO, coxsackie, EBV, HSV

Answer 52

acute lymphocytic meningitis

Question 53

meningitis: prototype: M. tuberculosis

Answer 53

chronic meningitis

Question 54

most due to bacteria from nasopharynx via bloodstream; congested meninges; exudate in subarachnoid space; brain tissue itself not infected

Answer 54

acute purulent meningitis

Question 55

encephalitis: infection elsewhere travelling via bloodstream; adjacent infections in ear and sinuses

Answer 55

abscess

Question 56

encephalitis: caseating granuloma

Answer 56

tuberculosis

Question 57

encephalitis: typically AIDS patients, ring enhancing lesion

Answer 57

toxoplasmosis

Question 58

encephalitis: most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in US; temporal lobes and orbital frontal areas

Answer 58

herpes simplex virus type 1

Question 59

encephalitis: classi negri bodies in neurons; symptoms occur too late

Answer 59

rabies

Question 60

associated with abnormal prion protein; Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease

Answer 60

transmissible spongiform encephalitis

Question 61

highly resistant to heat and most disinfectants; abnormally folded forms cannot be cleared from the brain and cause toxicity

Answer 61

prion protein