Flashcards in Female Genital/Breast Deck (54)
1
pap smear credited with reduction of which cancer?
cervical carcinoma
2
most important agent in cervical oncogenesis
HPV
3
low risk HPV serotypes
6,11
4
high risk HPV serotypes
16,18
5
HPV interferes with which tumor suppressor gene?
p53
6
which quadrivalent vaccine confers immunity to HPV types 16 & 18 (70% of cervical cancer) and 6 & 11 (90% of condyloma acuminatum)
gardasil
7
cervical carcinoma preceded by precancerous (dysplastic) lesion
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
8
peak incidence of cervical carcinoma
40-45 years
9
"genital warts", sexually transmitted and benign, multiple, HPV types 6 & 11
condyloma acuminatum
10
STD caused by the spirochete treponema pallidum; main diagnostic tests: VDRL and RPR
syphilis
11
presence of a chancre at the site of initial inoculation; small papule which enlarges into a painless ulcer with well-defined margins and clean moist base
primary syphilis
12
generalized lymphadenopathy and a variety of mucocutaneous lesions; lesions can be maculopapular, scaly or pustular; involvement of palms and soles common; typically within 2 months of resolution of the chancre
secondary syphilis
13
usually after a latent period of 5 yrs or more; 3 categories: cardiovascular, neuro, benign; gummas are focal granulomatous lesions that can occur in multiple organs
tertiary syphilis
14
common STD, purulent cervicitis typically develops 2-7 days after exposure; vaginal discharge, painful intercourse, dysuria; easily treated with antibiotics
gonorrhea
15
nongonococcal cervicitis; most commonly reported bacterial STD; caused by a small G-
chlamydia (c. trachomatis)
16
most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge; thin, milky vaginal discharge, foul fishy odour; gardenella vaginalis
bacterial vaginosis
17
eukaryotic organism, parasitic protozoa, STD, burning, itching, malodorous vaginal discharge, can usually be seen on PAP smear
trichomonas vaginalis
18
most common vaginal and cervical fungal infection; predominantly as yeast buds and forms pseudohyphae
candida
19
most common in patients using intrauterine contraceptive devices
actinomyces
20
ground glass nuclei, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions
herpes
21
both intranuclear (basophilic) and cytoplasmic inclusions
cytomegalovirus
22
pelvic pain, adnexal tenderness, fever, vaginal discharge, may induce formation of tubo-ovarian abscess/pyosalpinx; oophoritis, salpingitis; gonococci and chlamydia
pelvic inflammatory disease
23
also called Stein-Leventhal syndrome; numerous cystic follicles; enlarged ovaries twice their normal size
polycystic ovarian disease
24
the presence of glands or endometrial stroma in an abnormal location outside uterus; a disorder of reproductive years; responds to hormonal stimulation
endometriosis
25
common cause of abnormal bleeding; linked to prolonged estrogen stimulation
endometrial hyperplasia
26
most common invasive carcinoma of the female genital tract; predominately a disease of postmenopausal women; "post-menopausal bleeding"
endometrial carcinoma
27
tumor of smooth muscle; common during reproductive years; may induce spontaneous aportion
leiomyoma
28
malignant counterpart of leiomyoma with necrosis
leiomyosarcoma
29
second most common cancer of the female genital tract: 3 % of all cancers in women
ovarian cancer
30
account for a disproportionate number of fatal cancers due to presentation at late stage; often asymptomatic until late stages; elevations in CA-125
ovarian cancer
31
surface epithelial tumor; cystic filled with clear fluid; can be benign
serous tumors
32
malignant serous tumor
serous cystadenocarcinoma
33
surface epithelial tumor: closely resemble serous counterparts; 80% are benign
mucinous tumors
34
germ cell tumors: "dermoid cyst"; mature and immature; may contain elements of all 3 germ layers
teratoma
35
developmental disorder: may result in supernumerary nipples
milkline remnants
36
developmental disorder: implications in breast carcinoma
accessory axillary breast tissue
37
developmental disorder: may be clinically confused with inversion resulting from carcinoma and/or inflammation
congenital inversion of nipple
38
suspicious findings in mammography
densities, calcifications, nipple-inversion
39
associated with lactation; breast vulnerable due to fissures induced by nursing; staph and strep species; confusion with inflammatory carcinoma
acute mastitis
40
erythema, pain, fever, infiltration by neutrophils, necrosis possible
acute mastitis
41
history of trauma or surgery; presents as painless palpable mass; possible confusion with breast carcinoma
fat necrosis
42
stromal tumor: most common benign tumor of female breast; occur in reproductive period; size can fluctuate through menstrual cycle; abnormal density and occasionally calcified
fibroadenoma
43
stromal tumor: "leaf-like"; occur in older age group; most present as palpable masses; high grade lesions behave in malignant manner
phyllodes tumor
44
benign, non-proliferative changes NOT associated with increased risk of carcinoma
fibrocystic change
45
most common malignancy in women; 2nd leading cause of cancer death in women
carcinoma of the breast
46
1/4 of familial breast cancers attributed to mutations in ...
BRCA1 and BRCA2
47
major risk factor of sporadic breast cancer
hormone exposure (estrogen)
48
all carcinomas are thought to arise from ...
the terminal duct lobular unit
49
1/2 of mammographically detected cancers; malignant cells limited to ducts and lobules by basement membrane
ductal carcinoma in situ
50
does not produce mammographic findings; most cases will proceed to infiltrating carcinoma; loss of E-cadherin expression
lobular carcinoma in situ
51
large tumors may be fixed to chest wall; lymphatic blockage may induce "peau d'orange" appearance; by the time carcinoma is palpable 1/2 of patients will have axillary lymph node involvement
infiltrating carcinoma
52
involvement of dermal lymphatics =
inflammatory carcinoma
53
drug that inhibits estrogen receptor; for ER, PR positive; used as adjuvant therapy in estrogen receptor positive tumors
tamoxifen
54