Heart

Question 1

damage to collagen that weakens the leaflets?

Answer 1

mitral valve prolapse

Question 2

nodular calcification beginning in interstitial cells?

Answer 2

calcific aortic stenosis

Question 3

fibrotic thickening?

Answer 3

rheumatic heart disease

Question 4

heart is unable to pump blood at the rate sufficient to metabolic demands of the tissues?

Answer 4

congestive heart failure

Question 5

heart failure cells found in left sided heart failure?

Answer 5

hemociderin-laden macrophages

Question 6

infrequent, isolated right sided heart failure?

Answer 6

cor pulmonale

Question 7

nutmeg liver found in …

Answer 7

right sided heart failure

Question 8

an abnormal communication between chambers or blood vessels?

Answer 8

shunt

Question 9

most common congenital heart disease?

Answer 9

left to right shunt

Question 10

left to right shunt; abnormal fixed openings in the atrial septum

Answer 10

atrial septal defect

Question 11

left to right shunt; represents the failure to close a foramen

Answer 11

patent foramen ovale

Question 12

left to right shunt; most common form of CHD; incomplete closure of the ventricular septum?

Answer 12

ventricular septal defect

Question 13

what kind of shunt is patent arteriosus ductus?

Answer 13

left to right

Question 14

PDA can be induced to remain open by administering…

Answer 14

prostaglandin E1 analogs

Question 15

cyanotic congenital heart disease?

Answer 15

right to left shunt

Question 16

example of right to left shunt?

Answer 16

tetralogy of fallot

Question 17

4 defects of the heart in tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 17

overriding aorta, subpulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 18

examples of obstructive congenital disease?

Answer 18

coarctation of aorta; aortic valvar stenosis; pulmonary valvar stenosis

Question 19

resulting from myocardial ischemia–an imbalance between myocardial perfusion and cardiac demand for oxygenated blood?

Answer 19

ischemic heart disease

Question 20

paroxysmal and recurrent attacks of substernal or chest discomfort?

Answer 20

angina pectoris

Question 21

3 types of angina?

Answer 21

stable, unstable, prinzmetal

Question 22

angina most likely to progress to heart attack?

Answer 22

unstable

Question 23

1 cause of death in US

Answer 23

myocardial infarction

Question 24

for … mycardial injury is reversible

Answer 24

30 min

Question 25

sequence of events in ischemic cardiac myocytes?

Answer 25

1. ATP depletion; 2. loss of contractility; 3. ATP reduction (due to anaerobic production); 4. Reversible cell injury; 5. irreversible cell injury; 6. microvascular injury

Question 26

most useful proteins used to diagnose MI?

Answer 26

cardiac specific troponins T and I; CK-MB

Question 27

an acute, immunologically mediated, multisystem inflammatory disease following group A streptococcal pharyngitis?

Answer 27

rheumatic fever

Question 28

a chronic form of acute rheumatic carditis with valvular abnormalities---> mitral valve stenosis

Answer 28

rheumatic heart disease

Question 29

manifestations of RHD?

Answer 29

vegetations, aschoff bodies, fibrinous pericarditis

Question 30

plump activated macrophages found in aschoff bodies?

Answer 30

anitschkow cells

Question 31

a microbial infection of the heart valves or the mural endocardium leading to the formation of vegetations; mostly by bacteria?

Answer 31

infective endocarditis

Question 32

infection of a previously normal heart valve by a highly virulent microorganism(S aureus); very destructive; difficult to cure?

Answer 32

Acute IE

Question 33

infection of organisms with lower virulence; infections of deformed valves; less destructive; cure w/ antibodies?

Answer 33

Subacute IE

Question 34

janeway lesions and splinter hemorrhages?

Answer 34

IE

Question 35

... infections are most common cause of myocarditis in US

Answer 35

viral

Question 36

a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction; exhibit inappropriate hypertrophy or dilation?

Answer 36

cardiomyopathies

Question 37

3 morphologic patterns of cardiomyopathies?

Answer 37

dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive

Question 38

systolic dysfunction?

Answer 38

dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 39

diastolic dysfunction?

Answer 39

restrictive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 40

catecholamine cardiotoxicity?

Answer 40

dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 41

100% genetic disorder?

Answer 41

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy