Flashcards in Endotoxins and Endotoxins (4star!!) Deck (28):
1
what produces endotoxins
gram (--) bacteria--> are a part of outer membrans and are released when the bacteria lyse
2
what three things in body do endotoxins activate
1. macrophages
2. complement
3. tissue factor
3
what three cytokines do activated macrophages produce and their effect
1. IL-1 = fever
2. TNF = fever, hypotension
3. NO = hypotension
4
What two complements are activated by endotoxin and effects
1. C3a = hypotension, edema
2. C5b = neutrophil chemotaxis
5
What does activated tissue factor do and what complication can ensue
activates coagulation cascade --> can result in DIC
6
what kind of bacteria make exotoxin
gram + --> is a preformed toxin
7
how do superantigens work
bind simultaneously to MHC II and TCRs to stimulate many T-cells = MASSIVE cytokine release
8
3 symptoms of toxic shock syndrome
1. high fever
2. hypotension
3. diffuse rash
9
what 8 toxins are secreted by Staph aureus
1. α toxin--> hemolysis
2. β toxin--> sphingomyelinase
3. γ toxin--> A+B sub = hemolysin; B+C= leukocidin
4. hemolysin
5. Leukocidin
6. Enterotoxins A-E--> vomiting and diarrhea
7. TSST-1--> toxic shock syndrome
8. Epidermolytic/ exfoliative toxin --> scalded skin syndrome
10
what two bacteria can cause toxic shock syndrome
1. Staph aureus
2. group A strep (s. pyogenes)
11
What three toxins does S. pyogenes secrete?
1. Streptolysin O--> hemolysis
2. Streptolysin S--> hemolysis
3. Erythrogenic/ pyrogenic toxins
12
which strep pyogenes toxin is used to test for strep and the one responsible for hemolysis on blod agar plate
Streptolysin O --> is oxygen labile
13
which strep toxin is responsible for scarlet fever
pyrogenic/ erythrogenic toxins
14
toxin inactivates EF-2 , causes pseudomembranes (how does it inactivate?)
Diptheria toxin--> via ADP ribosylation
15
toxin other than diptheria that acts at EF-2
exotoxin A of pseudomonas
16
cleaves host cell rRNA in 60s subunit at adenosine (2 toxins)
1. Shiga toxin
2. veracytotoxin (Shiga-like toxin)--> made by 0157:H7 E.coli
17
what complication can 0157:H7 E. coli cause
hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
18
symptoms of HUS
1. hemolytic anemia
2. thrombocytopenia
3. acute renal failure
19
2 toxins produced by ETEC, what do they do
1. heat labile toxin--> ↑ cAMP = Cl- and H20 secretion
2. heat stabile toxin--> ↑ cGMP = less Na and water reabsorption
20
ETEC causes
travelers diarrhea
21
organism causing pseudoappendicitis
Yersinia enterocolitis
22
Yersinia toxin MOA
increases cGMP
23
edema factor, lethal factor, protective antigen; how does edema factor work
Bacillus anthracis--> increases cAMP
24
cholera toxin MOA
binds irreversibly to Gs subunit--> cAMP increases
25
pertussis toxin MOA
binds to and inactivates Gi--> cAMP increases, no way to turn it off
26
blocks release of GABA and glycine
tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin)--> spastic paralysis
27
flaccid paralysis--> how and what organism
botulism toxin (exotoxins A-G)--> inhibit release of ACh
*babies get from honey; people from canned foods w/ preformed toxin
28