Ethics And Professional Issues - Domain Quiz Flashcards

Question

Your former client, Caleb Cash, has failed to pay the balance of an unpaid bill. Although you have given Caleb numerous opportunities to respond to your written requests for payment and have informed him of your intention to turn this matter over to a collection agency, he has not made any attempt to resolve this matter. One day, you receive a call from another therapist who is currently working with Caleb. She asks you to forward a copy of Caleb's records and faxes you a copy of a signed release from Caleb. According to the APA's Ethics Code, you: Select one: a. must comply with the therapist's request since Caleb has signed a release. b. may withhold Caleb's records until he pays his outstanding bill. c. may withhold Caleb's records as long as they are not needed for emergency treatment. d. should explain the situation to the therapist and ask her to tell Caleb to contact you.

Answer 1

This issue is addressed in Standard 6.03 of the APA's Ethics Code. Answer C is correct: Standard 6.03 states that "psychologists may not withhold records under their control that are requested and needed for client's or patient's emergency treatment solely because payment has not been received." The correct answer is: may withhold Caleb's records as long as they are not needed for emergency treatment.

Answer 2

This question addresses two issues - advertising and fees. Answer D is correct: Sliding scale fees are ethically acceptable as long as fee arrangements are made clear from the onset of treatment and the fee policy is fair and non-exploitative. Advertising one's professional services and fee policy are also acceptable. The correct answer is: in accord with ethical guidelines.

Answer 3

Publication credit is addressed in Standard 8.12 of the Ethics Code. Answer B is correct: Standard 8.12 states that publication credits "accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their relative status.... Except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student's doctoral dissertation." While the student should be listed as first author, the advisor's contribution appears to be sufficient to warrant being listed as the second author. The correct answer is: the student should be listed as the first author and the advisor as the second author.

Answer 4

This issue is addressed in Standard 7.02 of the Ethics Code. Answer C is correct: Standard 7.02 requires psychologists to "take reasonable steps to ensure that there is a current and accurate description of the program content." Altering the program content on the night before its presentation would violate this requirement. The correct answer is: unethical since she advertised the seminar as a "lecture."

Answer 5

This issue is addressed in Standard 8.04(b) of the APA's Ethics Code. Answer C is correct: Standard 8.04(b) states that, "when research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit, the prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities." The correct answer is: ethical as long as students are given a choice of completing an alternative assignment.

Answer 6

Confidentiality of research participants is addressed by Standard 8.02 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle I.24 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. Answer C is correct: This answer is most consistent with the provisions of Standard 8.02(a) of the Ethics Code and Principle I.24 of the Canadian Code of Ethics, which stress the importance of informing research participants of potential limits to confidentiality during the informed consent process. Answer D is incorrect: This answer is incorrect because it refers to an informed consent rather than to a waiver (release) of confidentiality. In addition, a waiver may not be necessary if the situation is one in which privilege is waived. The correct answer is: should inform her participants of the possible limits of confidentiality as part of the informed consent process.

Answer 7

Sexual relationships with students and supervisees are addressed in Standard 7.07 of the APA's Ethics Code. Answer C is correct: This answer is most consistent with the actual language of Standard 7.07, which states: "Psychologists do not engage in sexual relationships with students or supervisees who are in their department, agency, or training center or over whom psychologists have or are likely to have evaluative authority." The correct answer is: The Code prohibits relationships with students over whom a psychologist has or is likely to have evaluative authority.

Answer 8

The use of animals in research is addressed in Standard 8.09 of the Ethics Code. Answer D is correct: The Ethics Code permits the use of animals in research under certain conditions, and this answer best describes those conditions. The correct answer is: Animals may be used as research subjects when they will be subjected to pain or stress but only when an alternative procedure is not available and the goal of the study is justified by its prospective value.

Answer 9

Guidelines for conducting research are provided in Standard 8 of the APA's Ethics Code. Answer C is correct: In most circumstances, it is necessary to obtain an informed consent from research participants and one requirements for an informed consent is letting potential participants know that they can withdraw from the study at any time. Discussing this issue with the supervisor is consistent with Standard 1.04 (Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations) and would be the best initial course of action. The correct answer is: discuss the possible ethical violation with the supervisor.

Answer 10

This issue is addressed in Standard 8.14 of the APA's Ethics Code. Answer C is correct: Standard 8.14 states the following: "After research results are published, psychologists do not withhold the data on which their conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that purpose, provided that the confidentiality of the participants can be protected and unless legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude their release." Since you have not yet published your study, you are not obligated to comply with the colleague's request. The correct answer is: You are not required to comply with the colleague's request since the results of the study have not yet been published.

Answer 11

Sexual relationships with former therapy clients are addressed in Standard 10.08 of the APA's Ethics Code, and additional information about this issue is provided in the Ethics and Professional Issues chapter of the written study materials. Answer C is correct: Standard 10.08 prohibits psychologists from becoming sexually involved with former therapy clients within two years of terminating the professional relationship and, even then, the relationship may be acceptable only in "the most unusual circumstances." The correct answer is: unethical because the therapist began dating a former client immediately after terminating therapy.

Answer 12

Terminating therapy with a client in this situation is addressed in Standard 10.10(b) of the APA's Ethics Code. Answer C is correct: Standard 10.10(b) states that "psychologists may terminate therapy when threatened or otherwise endangered by the client or patient or another person with whom the client or patient has a relationship." In addition, prohibitions against breaching client confidentiality do not apply if the psychologist needs to contact the police or others to obtain protection for him or herself (see, e.g., C. B. Fisher, Decoding the Ethics Code: A practical guide for psychologists, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 2003). The correct answer is: you may terminate therapy with the client and may contact the police to obtain protection with or without the client's consent to do so.

Answer 13

Test security is addressed in Standard 9.11 of the APA's Ethics Code. Answer A is correct: Standard 9.11 defines "test materials" as manuals, instruments, protocols, and test questions and states that "psychologists make reasonable efforts to maintain the integrity and security of test materials and other assessment techniques." The Code also distinguishes between test materials and test data, which include raw and scaled scores, client responses to test items, and the psychologist's notes about the client's responses and behaviors during testing. In most circumstances, providing test data to a client is acceptable and does not represent a breach of test security. The correct answer is: shows a client the questions from a standardized test when discussing the results of the test with the client.

Answer 14

Standard 10.04 of the APA's Ethics Code applies to this situation. Answer C is correct: This answer is most consistent with the requirements of Standard 10.04. Dr. Lopez should discuss the issue with Glenn, determine if there is a duplication of services (e.g., Glenn may be seeing a behavioral therapist who is helping him stop smoking), and, if appropriate, consult with the other therapist after obtaining Glenn's permission to do so. Of course, if the two therapists are providing duplicate services, Glenn will have to eventually choose between them, but that is not the best initial action. The correct answer is: discuss this issue with Glenn and consult with the other therapist after getting Glenn's approval to do so.

Answer 15

Standard 10.10(a) of the APA's Ethics Code applies to this situation. Answer D is correct: Standard 10.10(a) states that psychologists must terminate therapy when it is reasonably clear that the client is no longer benefiting from it. Even though four months is not a long duration for therapy in many situations, the client should not be pressured to continue. The correct answer is: discuss the matter with the client and provide him with referrals if he desires.

Answer 16

This situation is addressed by Standard 10.07 of the APA's Ethics Code. Answer D is correct: Standard 10.07 states that "psychologists do not accept as therapy clients or patients persons with whom they have engaged in sexual intimacies." There is no time limit on this prohibition. The correct answer is: refer the man to a colleague.

Answer 17

Standard 9.07 of the APA's Ethics Code prohibits psychologists from promoting the use of tests by unqualified persons unless it is being done for training purposes under appropriate supervision. Answer D is correct: A person who is working on a B.A. in psychology may be qualified to administer some psychological tests but is clearly not qualified to interpret their results. Although it is true that it is up to the psychologist to decide when an employee is qualified to administer tests, in this case, this employee is clearly not qualified to interpret them. The correct answer is: You are acting unethically because the employee is not qualified to interpret many commonly-used psychological tests.

Answer 18

The use of computer-assisted scoring and interpretation services is addressed in Standard 9.09 of the APA's Ethics Code. Answer A is correct: This Standard states: "(b) Psychologists select scoring and interpretation services (including automated services) on the basis of the validity of the program and procedures as well as on other appropriate considerations.... (c) Psychologists retain responsibility for the appropriate application, interpretation, and use of assessment instruments, whether they score and interpret such tests themselves or use automated or other services." The correct answer is: These services are acceptable but the psychologist is responsible for their appropriate application and use.

Answer 19

Termination of therapy is addressed in Standard 10.10 of the Ethics Code. Answer D is correct: Standard 10.10 states that "psychologists terminate therapy when it becomes reasonably clear that the client or patient no longer needs the service, is not likely to benefit, or is being harmed by continued service.... Except where precluded by the actions of clients or patients or third-party payors, prior to termination psychologists provide pretermination counseling and suggest alternative service providers as appropriate." The correct answer is: see if additional goals for treatment can be identified but, if not, set a date for termination and provide Alonzo with referrals if appropriate.

Answer 20

In this situation, you are not qualified to conduct the assessment since you cannot communicate directly with the child in Spanish and are unable to find an interpreter. Answer A is correct: This issue is addressed directly and indirectly in several APA documents. For example, the Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations states that, when the linguistic skills of the psychologist do not match those of the client, the psychologist obtains an appropriate translator or refers the client to another professional. Answer B is incorrect: Using only measures that do not depend on language would not be the best course of action since doing so would limit your ability to conduct a thorough evaluation. Answer C is incorrect: Explaining the limitations in the report would not be adequate in this situation. Answer D is incorrect: The Guidelines also state that, when translation is necessary, psychologists do not retain the services of a translator who has a dual role with the individual in order to avoid jeopardizing the validity of the assessment. The correct answer is: refuse to conduct the assessment and provide the family with appropriate referrals.

Answer 21

This issue is addressed in Section 1.7 of the APA's General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services. Answer B is correct: Section 1.7 states that "psychologists who change or add a specialty meet the same requirements with respect to subject matter and professional skills that apply to doctoral education, training, and experience in the new specialty." In other words, the psychologist would have to complete relevant courses and requirements for supervised practice. The correct answer is: complete appropriate coursework and clinical supervision.

Answer 22

This situation is addressed in the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology (APA, 2012). Answer D is correct: Paragraphs 6.03.02 of the Specialty Guidelines states: "If the examinee is ordered by the court to participate, the forensic practitioner can conduct the examination over the objection, and without the consent, of the examinee.... If the examinee declines to proceed after being notified of the nature and purpose of the forensic examination, the forensic practitioner may consider a variety of options including postponing the examination, advising the examinee to contact his or her attorney, and notifying the retaining party about the examinee's unwillingness to proceed." The correct answer is: postpone the evaluation and inform the defendant that he should discuss this matter with his attorney.

Answer 23

This situation is addressed in the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology (APA, 2012). Answer C is correct: This answer is most consistent Paragraph 10.01 of the Specialty Guidelines. It states: "Forensic examiners seek to assist the trier of fact to understand evidence or determine a fact in issue, and they provide information that is most relevant to the psycholegal issue. In reports and testimony forensic practitioners typically provide information about examinees' functional abilities, capacities, knowledge, and beliefs, and ADDRESS THIER OPINIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE IDENTIFIED PSYCHOLEGAL ISSUES." The correct answer is: include only information relevant to the defendant's competence in the evaluation report.

Answer 24

This issue is addressed in Paragraph 5.02 of APA's Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology (APA, 2012). Answer D is correct: This answer is most consistent with Paragraph 5.02, which states: "Forensic practitioners seek to avoid undue influence that might result from financial compensation or other gains. Because of the threat to impartiality presented by the acceptance of contingent fees and associated legal prohibitions, forensic practitioners strive to avoid providing professional services on the basis of contingent fees." The correct answer is: should ordinarily avoid providing his or her services on the basis of contingent fees.

Answer 25

This issue is addressed in APA's Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluations in Family Law Proceedings. Answer C is correct: Any conclusions or recommendations about custody must be based on adequate information, which means that all parties should be evaluated before a recommendation is made. You could, however, evaluate the woman only and provide a summary of your results without making specific recommendations. The correct answer is: evaluate the woman and testify about the results but do not make specific recommendations about custody without evaluating the husband and children.

Answer 26

This issue is addressed in APA's Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluations in Family Law Proceedings, which is one of the APA documents that you want to be familiar with for the exam. Answer A is correct: The Guidelines state that psychologists must avoid multiple relationships. For example, they should avoid an evaluative role in custody cases when they have already established a therapeutic relationship with the child and/or the child's parent(s). The correct answer is: refer Debbie to another psychologist for the evaluation.

Answer 27

Because you conducted an evaluation of the defendant for the purpose of her defense, you may use information obtained from that evaluation for other purposes only under certain conditions. Answer B is correct: This situation is addressed in Paragraphs 8.04 and 11.07 of the Specialty Guidelines. Paragraph 11.07 states: "Forensic practitioners strive to address particular legal proceedings in publications or communications only to the extent that the information relied upon is part of a public record, or when consent for that use has been properly obtained from any party holding any relevant privilege." The correct answer is: you may do so as long as the information you include in your book is in the public record or, if not, as long as you have obtained the consent of the defendant.

Answer 28

When a psychologist receives a subpoena to appear at a legal proceeding, he or she must appear but should not provide information about the client without a release from the client or a court order. Answer B is correct: The appropriate action in this case is to appear as requested but, without a release from the client, to assert the privilege on the client's behalf. The correct answer is: appear in court but claim the privilege on behalf of the client.

Answer 29

A subpoena is a legal document that requests the recipient to appear and testify at legal proceeding. Answer B is correct: As noted by R. I. Simon (Clinical psychiatry and the law, Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2003), a subpoena by itself is not "proper legal compulsion" and only requires the psychologist to appear at a deposition or trial, not to testify. After receiving a subpoena, a psychologist should determine if the client has signed a release; if not, the psychologist should assert the privilege rather than provide the information requested in the subpoena when he/she appears at the deposition. The correct answer is: must appear at the deposition as requested.

Answer 30

For the exam, you want to be familiar with the four conditions for a claim of malpractice. Malpractice is addressed in the chapter on Ethics and Professional Practice in the written study materials. Answer B is correct: "Deliberate action or inaction on the part of the therapist" is not one of the four conditions for a claim of malpractice. Answer A is incorrect: This is one of the conditions for a claim of malpractice. Answer C is incorrect: This is one of the four conditions for a claim of malpractice. Answer D is incorrect: This is another condition for a claim of malpractice. The correct answer is: The harm or injury experienced by the client must be due to deliberate action or inaction on the part of the therapist.

Answer 31

Pope and Vetter (1992) surveyed over 690 APA members to obtain information on ethical dilemmas faced by these practitioners. Answer A is correct: Results of the the survey found that confidentiality was the most frequently encountered "ethically troubling issue" by respondents. The correct answer is: confidentiality

Answer 32

The studies have found some differences in the characteristics of therapists who do and do not become sexually involved with clients. The results of this research are summarized in the Ethics and Professional Issues chapter of the written study materials. Answer B is correct: Lamb and Catanzaro (1998) looked specifically at sexual and nonsexual boundary violations of psychotherapists and found that those reporting sexual boundary violations were also more likely to report nonsexual boundary violations and to rate nonsexual boundary violations as less negative or problematic than those who did not report sexual boundary violations. The correct answer is: therapists who had sex with their clients were more likely than those who did not to have been involved in nonsexual dual relationships with clients.

Answer 33

The EPPP is a requirement for licensure in the United States and Canada. Answer B is correct: As described by the ASPPB, the EPPP is designed "to evaluate the knowledge that should have been acquired by any candidate who is seeking licensure to practice psychology." It has not been validated as a predictor of actual job performance or as a method for determining the need for additional training. The correct answer is: a measure of basic knowledge of psychology.

Answer 34

The primary purpose of the licensing boards is to protect the public. Answer B is correct: To achieve this goal, the boards establish minimum standards of competence for psychologists including degree, supervision, and examination requirements. The correct answer is: protect the public.

Answer 35

For the exam, you want to be familiar with the types of cost analysis described in the Ethics and Professional Issues chapter of the written study materials. Answer A is correct: A cost-utility analysis is conducted to compare the effects of two or more treatments on duration and quality of life. Answer B is incorrect: Cost-effectiveness analysis is used to compare the costs and benefits of different treatments in terms of specific nonmonetary outcomes (e.g., symptom severity, premature dropout rate) to identify the treatment that produces the best outcomes at the least cost. Answer C is incorrect: As its name implies, a cost-minimization analysis is conducted to determine the least costly option among several options. Answer D is incorrect: A cost-benefit analysis involves determining the relative costs and benefits of a particular treatment in monetary terms. The correct answer is: cost-utility

Answer 36

An expert witness is allowed to draw conclusions from available data, even if the data were not personally observed or obtained. Answer C is correct: Expert witnesses are qualified by the court to offer opinions and conclusions. The correct answer is: must be qualified by the court to offer opinions and conclusions.

Answer 37

Standard 6.04 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle II.32 of the Canadian Code of Ethics apply to this situation. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT You are not required to continue seeing a client if the client cannot pay your fee. However, to avoid abandoning the client when insurance coverage has ended, you should either offer services at a reduced or deferred fee or, if that is not feasible, make appropriate referrals. d. Incorrect Discussion of this issue at the beginning of therapy is a good practice but does not eliminate your responsibility to the client when his insurance runs out. The correct answer is: required to discuss the matter with Mark and make a referral at the end of the three sessions if necessary.

Answer 38

The arrangement described in this question seems somewhat dubious in terms of acceptability, but the facts presented do not clearly indicate an ethical violation. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT Of the responses given, this one is the best. Referral fees are not entirely prohibited by ethical guidelines, which rules out responses a and b; and response d is not an accurate description of an employer's ethical responsibilities. This issue is addressed in Standard 6.07 of the Ethics Code and is discussed in the Ethics Manual of the written study materials. d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: ethical as long as the psychologist is being compensated in an equitable way.

Answer 39

The issue of informed consent is addressed in Standard 3.10 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle I.22 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT Standard 3.10 of the APA's Ethic Code states that consents must be "appropriately documented," and Principle I.22 of the Canadian Code of Ethics states that it is acceptable to "accept and document oral consents" when there is a good reason not to obtain a signed written consent. Therefore, this is the best answer of those given. The correct answer is: may be either verbal or in writing but must be documented.

Answer 40

The client in this situation is asking Dr. Olivetti to commit insurance fraud and, if Dr. Olivetti does so, he will be acting both unethically and illegally. a. Incorrect Although Dr. Olivetti should consider his client's welfare (by, for example, offering a reduced fee so that the client doesn't have to terminate therapy), he would be acting unethically and illegally if he agrees to the arrangement requested by the client. b. Incorrect This arrangement would be illegal and unethical regardless of the ramifications for the client. c. Incorrect This would still represent insurance fraud since the client and therapist are well aware of the insurance provisions. d. CORRECT As noted above, complying with the client's request would represent insurance fraud, which would be both unethical and illegal. See, e.g., Standard 6.04 of the APA's Ethics Code. The correct answer is: unethically.

Answer 41

The laws regarding professional records are complex and vary somewhat from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Keep in mind that, when answering questions like this one, you'll want to pick a general answer that is likely to apply to most (or all) jurisdictions. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT While the actual physical record is the property of the therapist, laws require therapists to make the information contained in them available to the client in most situations. This does not mean that a therapist must release the physical record to a client but, instead, that the therapist may be required to show the client the record or provide the client with a summary or copy of it. d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: The physical record belongs to the therapist, but the information contained therein belongs to the client.

Answer 42

A psychologist is ethically required to use tests only for purposes for which they have been validated. See, e.g., Standard 9.02 of the APA's Ethics Code. a. Incorrect Although the psychologist acted appropriately by evaluating both parents prior to making a recommendation, response c is a better answer. b. Incorrect Obtaining signed informed consents does not overcome the problem of using the MMPI and Rorschach as predictors of parental functioning, a purpose for which they have not been validated. c. CORRECT Based on the information given, it appears that Dr. Browne has acted unethically by basing her custody recommendation on MMPI and Rorschach test results since these tests have not been validated for this purpose. Also, even if the tests had been validated for this purpose, Dr. Browne's recommendation should have been based on more than the results of only two tests. d. Incorrect Recommendations are acceptable as long as they are based on a thorough evaluation of all parties. The correct answer is: has acted unethically because of her use of the MMPI and Rorschach tests as methods of evaluating the mothers parental suitability.

Answer 43

Providing services within the boundaries of one's competence is addressed by Standard 2.01 of the APA's Ethic Code and Principle II.6 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. CORRECT Of the responses given, this one is most consistent with the requirement to provide services that are within the boundaries of your professional competence. Note that, while it is up to you to determine your competence with regard to a particular service or technique, a weekend workshop in self-hypnosis is clearly inadequate. b. Incorrect It would be unethical to try to convince the client to choose another course of treatment simply because you are not trained in the treatment she desires. c. Incorrect Reviewing your workshop notes would not be adequate training. d. Incorrect Although this response comes closer to fulfilling the requirements of the ethical guidelines than do responses b and c, it falls short of those requirements because it implies that consultation would not be sought unless you believe that you are having problems during the course of treatment. Consequently, response a is a better answer. The correct answer is: admit your lack of expertise in the use of self-hypnosis and refer the woman to another therapist.

Answer 44

Standard 8.02 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle I.30 of the Canadian Code of Ethics apply to this situation. Both require psychologists to allow participants to withdraw from a research study at any time. a. Incorrect Resigning from the project would not correct the ethical violation. b. Incorrect Although a report may eventually be necessary, it is not the best first step since this matter may be amenable to an informal resolution (answer c). c. CORRECT By offering to discuss the matter with the psychologist, you are attempting to resolve the matter informally, which is consistent with the requirements of the ethical guidelines. d. Incorrect This would be unethical, and in so doing, you would be violating the provisions of Standards 1.04 and 1.05 of the Ethics Code and Principles II.40 and II.41 of the Canadian Code of Ethics, which require psychologists to take action when a colleague acts in an unethical way. The correct answer is: write a letter to the psychologist, indicating the relevant ethical standards and offering to discuss the matter with him.

Answer 45

In most situations, psychologists should avoid multiple (dual) relationships. See, e.g., Standard 3.05(a) of APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.33 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. CORRECT Standard 3.05(a) of the Ethics Code states that "a psychologist refrains from entering into a multiple relationship if the multiple relationship could reasonably be expected to impair the psychologist's objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing his or her functions as a psychologist, or otherwise risks exploitation or harm to the person with whom the professional relationship exists." The psychologist in the situation described in this question is entering into a multiple relationship that may threaten his objectivity and effectiveness as a supervisor and therapist. b. Incorrect There is no indication that privacy is an issue in this situation. c. Incorrect In some circumstances, multiple relationships may be unavoidable. However, the fact that the intern and psychologist work in a community hospital in a small town does not necessarily mean that no other options are available. d. Incorrect There is no indication that the intern is in such "desperate need of help" that she cannot wait to see another professional. The correct answer is: unethically by agreeing to get involved in a dual relationship.

Answer 46

Automated scoring and interpretation services are available for a number of psychological tests including the MMPI-2. a. Incorrect The use of automated interpretation services is not prohibited by ethical guidelines as long as certain standards are met by both the service and the users of the service. b. Incorrect The quality of computer interpretations varies from service to service, and it cannot be concluded that all computerized interpretations are "notoriously unreliable." c. CORRECT The information in a computerized interpretation is limited and, therefore, the best policy is to always supplement computerized interpretations with information from other tests, interviews, observations, etc. See, e.g., Standards 9.02 and 9.09 of the APA's Ethics Code. d. Incorrect The information provided by computerized interpretations is limited and the accuracy of the interpretation depends on the quality of the service. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that computerized interpretations are necessarily the preferred method of score interpretation. The correct answer is: computerized interpretations should always be supplemented with other information obtained by the psychologist.

Answer 47

Insanity is a legal term that varies somewhat in terms of its definition from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT The term "insanity" is used in the legal arena and is not a psychiatric term. Generally, a defendant who pleads not guilty by reason of insanity is contending that he was precluded by a mental disease or defect from understanding the difference between right and wrong. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: legal, nonpsychiatric term for certain types of mental disorders.

Answer 48

Ethical (and legal) guidelines do not prohibit the provision of all psychological services by individuals who are not licensed clinical psychologists. However, they do require that such persons be supervised by a professional clinical psychologist. a. Incorrect This would not be considered adequate supervision. b. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with ethical and legal guidelines. Alice may administer some psychological tests as long as she has been adequately trained and is supervised by a professional clinical psychologist. See, e.g., Standard 9.07 of he APA's Ethics Code. c. Incorrect See explanation above. d. Incorrect See explanation above. The correct answer is: acceptable as long as a professional clinical psychologist supervises Alice's activities.

Answer 49

Although psychologists should ordinarily provide services that are within the boundaries of their training and experience, there are exceptions. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT It is acceptable and desirable for psychologists to acquire new skills and to treat new problems - but only when appropriate supervision or consultation is obtained. The situation described in this question is a complex one, but this response is the best one given the circumstances (the next closest mental professional works in a town that is over 100 miles away) and the alternatives provided in the other answers. d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: see the clients and obtain supervision or consultation by telephone.

Answer 50

If the woman's allegations are true, the original therapist has violated ethical guidelines and may have violated the law. Ethical violations by colleagues are covered in Standards 1.04 and 1.05 of the APA's Ethics Code and are discussed in the Ethics Manual of the written study materials. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT Dr. Silby cannot contact the therapist or make a report herself (answers c and d) without the client's consent since to do so would represent a breach of confidentiality. Therefore, of the actions listed in the answers, the best one is to discuss the matter with the client and advise her of her options. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: explain to her the seriousness of her allegations and advise her of her rights and alternative courses of action.

Answer 51

The situation described in this question is not explicitly addressed by ethical guidelines, so the best strategy is to choose the answer that best addresses the client's welfare. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT Since the client seems to be experiencing a crisis (he feels "like he wants to die"), this course of action takes his welfare into account and is most consistent with the "spirit" of the ethical guidelines. See, for example, Standards 3.04 and 10.09 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principles II.2 and II.34 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: see Faaris in therapy until the crisis has passed and then provide him with appropriate referrals.

Answer 52

Multi-client situations create special considerations and concerns about confidentiality since it is not often possible to release information about one client without also revealing confidential information about another client. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT In this situation, both clients (the husband and wife) must give their permission before Dr. Weim can release confidential information. Therefore, he should refuse to testify (unless, of course, he is ordered to do so by the court). The correct answer is: refuse to testify.

Answer 53

It is acceptable (and desirable) for psychologists to acquire new skills and to treat new problems - but only when appropriate supervision or consultation is obtained. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT This situation is addressed by Standard 2.01(b) of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle II.8 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. Standard 2.01(b) states "where scientific or professional knowledge in the discipline of psychology establishes that an understanding of factors associated with age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, or socioeconomic status is essential for effective implementation of their services or research, psychologists have or obtain the training, experience, consultation, or supervision necessary to ensure the competence of their services, or they make appropriate referrals." This answer is consistent with this requirement and makes the most sense, given the fact that there is no indication that a referral is necessary (i.e., the question indicates that you have previously worked with clients who have experienced a loss). c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: seek supervision or consultation and continue to work with the client.

Answer 54

In the situation described in this question, Dr. Lykowski's personal problems may be affecting his objectivity. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect Although Dr. Lykowski's feelings represent countertransference, he would want to seek consultation to determine if those feelings are negatively impacting (or are likely to negatively impact) his ability to provide the client with appropriate services. d. CORRECT Consultation with another professional is ordinarily the best course of action whenever a therapist is concerned that a personal problem might interfere with his/her ability to provide a client with adequate therapy. This issue is addressed in Standard 2.06 of the APA's Ethics Code and is discussed in the Ethics Manual of the written study materials. The correct answer is: consult with another psychologist to determine whether or not to continue seeing the client in therapy.

Answer 55

A subpoena is a legal document that requires a psychologist to appear at a designated time at a legal proceeding. If the client invokes the privilege (says she does not want the therapist to release confidential information to the court), the subpoena is still valid and the psychologist must appear unless he/she has been released from it. a. CORRECT When the client invokes the privilege in this type of situation, the psychologist should contact the client's attorney or his/her own attorney to discuss the matter. The psychologist can also contact the attorney who issued the subpoena to request to be released from it. Unless the psychologist receives a written release, he/she must appear as requested but would not reveal confidential (privileged) information without the client's consent or without an order from the court to do so. b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: notify the attorney who issued the subpoena that the client has asserted the privilege and request that he be released from subpoena.

Answer 56

Answer B is correct. Even though the person requesting the client's record is a licensed psychologist, you would not want to breach confidentiality by providing confidential client information to Dr. Browne without knowing specifically what the client has consented to. The psychologist would want to verify that the client has, in fact, signed a release and discuss the release and its potential consequences with the client before providing Dr. Browne with the requested information. The correct answer is: contact the client to discuss the release of information.

Answer 57

Privilege is a legal term and refers to "privileged communications" that arise in legally designated relationships (e.g., the therapist-client relationship). a. Incorrect This answer does not accurately describe privilege. b. Incorrect This answer does not accurately describe privilege. c. Incorrect Privilege is a legal requirement to maintain confidentiality in legal situations. d. CORRECT Privilege is "a legal term describing certain specific types of relationships that enjoy protection from disclosure in legal proceedings" [G. P., Koocher, Privacy, confidentiality, and privilege, in G. P. Koocher, J. C. Norcross & S. S. Hill (eds.), Psychologists' Desk Reference, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998]. Privilege is discussed in the Ethics Manual of the written study materials. The correct answer is: is a legal requirement designed to protect confidential information from being disclosed in a legal proceeding.

Answer 58

Whenever you acquire a reasonable suspicion in your professional capacity that a minor is being abused, you have a legal obligation to report the abuse. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT Although psychologists are not usually required to make a report when the individual is over the age of 18, in the situation described in the question, you would have reasonable suspicion that the younger sisters are also victims of abuse. Therefore, you would be legally required to file a report with the appropriate authorities. Additional information about reporting child abuse is provided in the Ethics Manual of the written study mateirals. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: file a report with the appropriate authorities yourself.

Answer 59

Although it is not unethical to provide information (e.g., test results) about a single party in a custody dispute, it would be unethical to make a recommendation about custody based on incomplete information. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT An accepted standard of practice in custody situations is that a psychologist should not make a recommendation for custody unless the psychologist has evaluated all parties. This is consistent with the requirements of Standard 9.01 of APA's Ethics Code and Principle II.13 of the Canadian Code of Ethics and with the provisions of the APA's Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluations in Divorce Proceedings. The correct answer is: refuse to make a specific recommendation about custody unless you can evaluate the entire family.

Answer 60

In this situation, the former client's records are needed for an emergency situation (i.e., the client has been admitted as an inpatient to a mental health crisis unit). a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT The ethical guidelines prohibit "holding a client's records hostage" because the client has not paid his or her bill when these records are requested and needed for emergency treatment. See Standard 6.03 of the APA's Ethics Code which explicitly prohibits this practice and Principles II.1 and 2 of the Canadian Code of Ethics which require psychologists to promote the welfare of clients and to avoid harming them. The correct answer is: acted unethically.

Answer 61

This issue is not directly addressed by ethical guidelines, so the best approach when choosing the answer would have been to identify the one that is most consistent with the "spirit" of the guidelines. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT This response is most consistent with ethical guidelines. For example, Standard 5.01(b) of the APA's Ethics Code prohibits psychologists from making misleading statements and Standard 6.06 requires psychologists to provide accurate information to payors and funding sources. It is also consistent with Principles III.1 and 5 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. The correct answer is: unethical because the intern should be listed as the examiner in the report.

Answer 62

The release of confidential client information ordinarily requires a waiver of confidentiality from the client. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT Privilege may or may not be waived in this situation and, even if it is, Dr. Wong should discuss the release of confidential information with the client before doing so (and, in most cases, obtain a waiver from the client). The correct answer is: discuss the release with the client before taking any additional action.

Answer 63

Although this situation is not explicitly addressed by ethical guidelines, the APA's Ethics Code and the Canadian Code of Ethics require psychologists to cooperate with other professionals. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT General Principle B of the APA's Ethics Code states that "psychologists consult with, refer to, or cooperate with other professionals and institutions to the extent needed to serve the best interests of those with whom they work." School psychologists must often act as a coordinator to bring together a variety of people and resources to resolve problems. Of the answers given, this one is most in line with the child's best interests and the school psychologist's responsibility to work with all people involved in the case. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: explain to the teacher how her approach may be exacerbating the problem.

Answer 64

An expert witness is a person who, because of his/her special training, knowledge, or experience, is qualified to offer an opinion as testimony in a court proceeding. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT Expert witnesses are qualified by the court to offer opinions and conclusions. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: be qualified by the court to offer opinions and conclusions about the case.

Answer 65

Psychologists are legally and ethically obligated to breach confidentiality whenever a client is believed to be a danger to him/herself. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT As noted above, psychologists must take appropriate action whenever a client is suicidal. Because Sally is a minor, contacting her parents would be an appropriate action. Exceptions to confidentiality and privilege are addressed in the Ethics Manual of the written study materials. The correct answer is: ethically since a breach of confidentiality is justified when a client is suicidal.

Answer 66

Standard 2.02 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle II.8 of the Canadian Code of Ethics apply to this situation. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with ethical requirements. Standard 2.02 of the Ethics Code, for example, states that "in emergencies, when psychologists provide services to individuals for whom other mental health services are not available and for which psychologists have not obtained the necessary training, psychologists may provide such services in order to ensure that services are not denied. The services are discontinued as soon as the emergency has ended or appropriate services are available." The correct answer is: see Mrs. Wang's daughter in therapy only until the crisis has ended or until you locate alternative services.

Answer 67

Answer D is correct. Deception in research is acceptable only when certain conditions are met. This answer is most consistent with Standard 8.07(b) of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.24 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. Standard 8.07(b), for example, states that "psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress." The correct answer is: Deception is prohibited whether the pain is physical or psychological in nature.

Answer 68

The practice described in this question represents insurance fraud, which is both unethical and illegal. a. CORRECT Most insurance companies agree to pay a specific percentage of a psychologist's fee but, when the co-payment is waived, this means the insurance company is paying the entire fee. Consequently, regularly waiving the co-payment without the permission of the insurance company represents insurance fraud. b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: ethical only if the insurance company has agreed to this arrangement.

Answer 69

This issue is addressed in Paragraph 8.04 of the APA's Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology. a. Incorrect This would be insufficient. b. Incorrect This is true if the information to be included in the book is not part of the public record. c. Incorrect This is untrue. d. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with the provisions of Paragraph 8.04, which states: "Forensic practitioners using case materials for purposes of teaching, training, or research strive to present such information in a fair, balanced, and respectful manner. They attempt to protect the privacy of persons by disguising the confidential, personally identifiable information of all persons and entities who would reasonably claim a privacy interest; using only those aspects of the case available in the public domain; or obtaining consent from the relevant clients, parties, participants, and organizations to use the materials for such purposes." The correct answer is: as long as the information included in the book is included in the public record of the case and she disguises all personally identifiable information.

Answer 70

This situation is directly addressed in Standard 10.07 of the APA's Ethics Code and indirectly addressed by Principle III.33 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with Standard 10.07, which explicitly prohibits psychologists to accept former sexual partners as therapy clients and Principle III.33, which prohibits multiple relationships that might impair a psychologist's objectivity. The correct answer is: It would not be ethical to begin therapy with this person.

Answer 71

Debriefing of research participants is addressed in Standard 8.08 of the APA's Ethic Code and Principles II.44 and III.26 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. CORRECT Standard 8.08 of the Ethics Code requires psychologists to inform participants promptly following their participation in the study about its nature, results, and conclusions; and Principle III.26 of the Canadian Code of Ethics requires psychologists to debrief participants as soon as possible after their involvement in a study when there has been incomplete disclosure about the study's purpose. Consequently, of the answers given, this one is most consistent with ethical guidelines. b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: participants must be debriefed as soon as possible after their participation in the study, especially when the study has involved deception.

Answer 72

There are some situations when client information must be released, despite the wishes of the client or the psychologist. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT Record ownership and access are governed by legal guidelines. In most jurisdictions, the laws grant ownership of the physical record to the practitioner but give clients the right to have access to the information contained in the record. In addition, there are times when other individuals or entities have the right to access client information (e.g., confidentiality of client information is waived in certain situations in the military and privilege is waived in certain legally defined situations). Therefore, this is the best answer of those given. The correct answer is: is not free from disclosure all of the time, regardless of the wishes of the client or the psychologist.

Answer 73

This issue is addressed by Standard 2.06(b) of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle II.11 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT Psychologists do not necessarily have to abandon their professional practice when experiencing a period of personal distress. However, when personal problems may be adversely affecting the welfare of their clients, psychologists must take appropriate action. This often includes "obtaining professional consultation or assistance ... to determine whether they should limit, suspend, or terminate their work-related duties" [Ethics Code, Standard 2.06(b)]. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect This may be necessary, but the best initial step would be to seek consultation to determine the most appropriate course of action. The correct answer is: seek professional consultation and consider temporarily suspending his practice.

Answer 74

The situation described in this question represents a multiple (dual) relationship that could potentially impact the psychologist's ability to remain objective when acting as a supervisor for the intern. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT Multiple relationships are addressed in Standard 3.05 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.33 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. Standard 3.05 states that "a psychologist refrains from entering into a multiple relationship if the multiple relationship could reasonably be expected to impair the psychologist's objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing his or her functions as a psychologist, or otherwise risks exploitation or harm to the person with whom the professional relationship exists." Principle III.33 of the Canadian Code of Ethics includes a similar requirement. d. Incorrect It would be a better strategy for the supervisor to educate the intern about multiple relationships than to report the intern to the ethics committee. The correct answer is: should refuse to invest.

Answer 75

The situation described in this question represents a multiple relationship - i.e., Dr. Mendez would be acting as both employer and therapist if she agrees to see her secretary in therapy. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT A potentially harmful multiple relationship is the primary problem in the situation described in this question. Multiple relationships are addressed in Standard 3.05 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.33 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. These guidelines prohibit multiple relationships that could be expected to impair a psychologist's objectivity, which is a potential problem in this situation since both roles (employer and therapist) would continue simultaneously over an extended period of time. d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: unethically since doing so is likely to create an unacceptable multiple relationship.

Answer 76

This issue is addressed by Standard 8.12 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.7 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT Standard 8.12(b) states that publication credit must "accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their relative status"; and Principle III.7 states that psychologists "give credit for work done or ideas contributed by others ... in proportion to their contribution." While the idea for the study came from the colleague, she did not participate in designing or carrying out the study and it would be acceptable to acknowledge her contribution in an introductory statement or footnote. d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: acknowledge his colleague's contribution in a footnote or introductory statement.

Answer 77

Answer A is correct: This answer is most consistent with the provisions of Standard 9.11 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle IV.11 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. Standard 9.11 states that "psychologists make reasonable efforts to maintain the integrity and security of test materials and other assessment techniques"; and Principle IV.11 states that psychologists "protect the skills, knowledge, and interpretations of psychology from being misused, used incompetently, or made useless (e.g., loss of security of assessment techniques) by others." b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: clearly unethical because it compromises the usefulness of the test.

Answer 78

The situation described in this question is not one that mandates a breach of confidentiality. a. CORRECT A breach of client confidentiality is acceptable and, in some cases, mandated by law. However, this situation involves a past incident involving the client's husband, and a breach of confidentiality is not acceptable or required. See, for example, Standard 4.05(b) of the APA's Ethics Code, which states that exceptions to client confidentiality are permitted only when a breach is necessary to avoid violating the law, or when breaching confidentiality would "protect the client/patient, psychologist, or others from harm." b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: ethically since confidentiality in this situation should not be breached.

Answer 79

A "homosexual orientation" is not relevant to the ability to perform an accountant job successfully and to seek such information as part of a job-related assessment is clearly an invasion of privacy. a. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with ethical guidelines. Standard 9.04(b) of the APA's Ethics Code, for example, states that "psychologists may refrain from releasing test data to protect a client/patient or others from substantial harm or misuse or misrepresentation of the data or the test"; and Principle I.38 of the Canadian Code of Ethics states that psychologists "take care not to infringe ... on the personally, developmentally, or culturally defined private space of individuals or groups, unless clear permission is granted to do so." b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: not accept the job because the evaluation she is being requested to conduct represents an invasion of privacy.

Answer 80

The situation described in this question is addressed by Standard 3.07 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle I.26 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with Standard 3.07 and Principle I.26, which address a psychologist's responsibilities when providing services at the request of a third party. In this situation, the psychologist must ensure that the client understands what legal sanctions she may face if she does not stay in therapy. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: tell her that she can quit but that she needs to consider the legal ramifications of doing so.

Answer 81

For the licensing exam, you'll want to be familiar with the term that is being asked about by this question. Additional information about guardianship is provided in the Ethics Manual of the written study materials. a. Incorrect A testamentary guardian is a person who is appointed in a deed or will to serve as guardian of a minor or disabled person. b. CORRECT The description presented in this question best describes a guardian ad litem who is appointed by the court for a specific purpose (e.g., to make decisions for someone who is incapable of doing so). c. Incorrect A conservator of a minor is responsible for managing the minor's finances. d. Incorrect A special conservator carries out the terms of a preliminary protective order. The correct answer is: guardian ad litem

Answer 82

This question addresses the issue of terminating therapy when a client does not seem to be benefiting from it. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT This is the best answer of those given because it takes the client's welfare into consideration and is most consistent with ethical guidelines regarding termination of professional services [see Standard 10.10(a) of the APA's Ethics Code or Principle II.37 of the Canadian Code of Ethics]. d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: discuss Jeff's continued dissatisfaction with him and the possibility of terminating therapy.

Answer 83

This issue is directly addressed by Standard 5.02(b) of the APA's Ethics Code and indirectly addressed by Principle III.31 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT Of the answers given, this one is most consistent with ethical guidelines. Standard 5.02(b) of the Ethics Code prohibits psychologists from compensating "employees of press, radio, television, or other communication media in return for publicity in a news item"; and Principle III.31 of the Canadian Code of Ethics prohibits psychologists from exploiting "any relationship established as a psychologist to further personal, political, or business interests at the expense of the best interests of their clients." d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: unethically because his request is exploitative and violates ethical guidelines.

Answer 84

This issue is addressed by Standard 7.02 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.5 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. CORRECT Ethical guidelines explicitly require psychologists to provide interested parties (in this case, the school administration and the students) with accurate and complete information about course content. b. Incorrect Although presenting the most recent research and theory is usually a good idea, the importance of doing so would depend on the nature of the class. For example, recent research and theory would not be covered in a "history of psychology" class. c. Incorrect The interests of the students do not necessarily coincide with the content that you, as the instructor, believe is important to present. d. Incorrect Providing students with opportunities to evaluate the course is desirable but is not required by ethical guidelines. The correct answer is: accurate information about the course content is available for all interested parties.

Answer 85

Most experts agree that good record-keeping is the best defense for practitioners in cases of litigation. a. CORRECT In addition to being familiar with relevant laws and ethical guidelines, the best way to reduce vulnerability to malpractice is maintaining adequate records. See, e.g., S. Knapp, Professional liability and risk management in an era of managed care, in D. T. Marsh and R. D. Magee (eds.), Ethical and legal issues in professional practice with families (pp. 271-288), New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: adequate records

Answer 86

Answer B is correct. In cases of known and suspected child abuse, a psychologist is legally and ethically required to make a report to the appropriate authorities. You would want to contact the appropriate authorities in this situation, but contacting the parents of the victim (answers c and d) would represent a breach of the client's confidentiality. The correct answer is: report the client to the appropriate authorities.

Answer 87

This issue is addressed by Standard 1.01 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle II.5 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with the "spirit" of ethical guidelines and, more specifically with Standard 1.01 of the Ethics Code, which states that "if psychologists learn of misuse or misinterpretation of their work, they take reasonable steps to correct or minimize the misuse or misrepresentation"; and with Principle II.5 of the Canadian Code of Ethics, which states that psychologists "make every reasonable effort to ensure that psychological knowledge is not misused, intentionally or unintentionally, to harm others." (Also see Standard 5.01 of the Ethics Code and Principle III.1 of the Canadian Code of Ethics.) The correct answer is: is incorrect because he has a responsibility to ensure that the company is provided with complete and accurate data.

Answer 88

This question addresses the issue of client confidentiality. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT Giving the mother any information about her adult son would represent a breach of his confidentiality. Therefore, this is the best answer of those given. The correct answer is: tell her that you cannot discuss her son's condition with her.

Answer 89

Standard 2.06 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle II.11 of the Canadian Code of Ethics apply to the situation described in this question. a. Incorrect Although Dr. Kempfer should take appropriate action if she believes her condition may interfere with her effectiveness as a therapist, supervision may not be the best course of action. b. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with ethical guidelines that address the impact of a psychologist's social, emotional, and health-related problems on his/her professional services. Standard 2.06 requires psychologists to "refrain from initiating an activity when they know or should know there is a substantial likelihood that their personal problems will prevent them from performing their work-related activities in a competent manner"; and Principle II.11 similarly requires psychologists to obtain appropriate help and/or discontinue professional activities when "a physical or psychological condition reduces their ability to benefit and not harm others." c. Incorrect It is not necessary for Dr. Kempfer to inform her clients of her condition. d. Incorrect Dr. Kempfer would want to take some action if her medical condition is impacting her ability to provide effective psychological services. The correct answer is: should refrain from participating in any professional activities that might be adversely affected by her medical condition.

Answer 90

Standard 10.01 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.22 of the Canadian Code of Ethics apply to the situation described in this question. a. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with ethical guidelines that require interns (trainees) to inform their clients of their professional status. Note that Standard 10.01(c) of the Ethics Code also requires that Mr. DeFoe provide clients with the name of his supervisor. b. Incorrect Telling clients that he is being supervised would not be adequate since this would not clearly indicate that he is an intern. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: He must tell his clients that he is a psychology intern.

Answer 91

The situation described in this question is addressed by ethical guidelines related to multiple relationships and therapy fees. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT The situation described in this question violates ethical guidelines regarding multiple relationships and therapy fees. With regard to multiple relationships, if Dr. Alto agrees to the arrangement, she will be acting as both therapist and employer, which may impair her ability to provide effective therapy to the client. In addition, the arrangement represents a form of barter (which is explicitly addressed by Standard 6.05 of the APA's Ethics Code and indirectly addressed by Principles II.1 and 2 of the Canadian Code of Ethics) that could also interfere with her objectivity. The correct answer is: unethical.

Answer 92

Standards 3.10 and 8.02 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle I.35 of the Canadian Code of Ethics apply to the situation described in this question. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT The answers given to this question imply that the patients are unable to give informed consent to their participation in the study since this option is not provided in any of the answers. Therefore, this is the best answer of those given. In most cases, whenever a person is unable to provide an informed consent for participation in research (i.e., because he/she is incapable of doing so), a psychologist must obtain consent from the person's legal guardian and assent (agreement) from the person. d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: informed consents from the patients legal guardians and assent from the patients.

Answer 93

Although termination of supervisees is not directly addressed by ethical guidelines, evaluating and providing feedback to supervisees is addressed by Standard 7.06 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle II.25 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with ethical guidelines regarding evaluation and feedback as well as with more general provisions regarding the avoidance of harm (e.g., Standard 3.04 of the Ethics Code and Principles I.13 and II.2 of the Canadian Code of Ethics). The correct answer is: the supervisor's behavior may have violated ethical guidelines regarding supervisee performance evaluations.

Answer 94

Barter is explicitly addressed by Standard 6.05 of the APA's Ethics Code and indirectly addressed by Principles III.31-33 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. CORRECT Barter is prohibited by Standard 6.05 of the APA's Ethics Code when it is clinically contradindicated or exploitative - in other words, in certain circumstances, barter may be acceptable. The Canadian Code of Ethics does not directly address barter but, to be consistent with the "spirit" of the Code, barter should be avoided when it may be harmful to the client. b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: Barter may be acceptable when certain conditions are met.

Answer 95

A claim of malpractice requires that four conditions be met: a duty to the client; a breach of that duty; harm to the patient; and a causal relationship between the breach of duty and harm to the patient. a. Incorrect This is one of the four conditions for a malpractice claim. b. CORRECT This does not accurately describe one of the four conditions. c. Incorrect This also describes a condition for a claim of malpractice. d. Incorrect This is one of the four conditions of malpractice. The correct answer is: There must be evidence that the psychologists actions were not in the best interests of the client.

Answer 96

The use of testimonials is addressed by Standard 5.05 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.31 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT Standard 5.05 states that psychologists do not solicit testimonials "from current therapy clients/patients or other persons who because of their particular circumstances are vulnerable to undue influence"; and Principle III.31 prohibits psychologists from exploiting clients. Therefore, of the answers given, this one is most consistent with ethical guidelines. c. Incorrect Although false or misleading testimonials would be unethical, this answer is not the best one because it states that testimonials are unethical only when they contain false or misleading information. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: ethical if certain conditions are met.

Answer 97

A tort is a civil wrongdoing resulting from a breach of duty. a. Incorrect Although a tort involves a breach of duty, it is not necessarily related to the duty to protect (although a failure to protect in certain legally defined situations might result in a claim of malpractice). b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT Malpractice is a civil tort involving a negligent breach of duty that results in harm to the client. Being familiar with the conditions for a claim of malpractice would have helped you identify this as the correct answer (see the Ethics Manual in the written study materials). d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: negligence

Answer 98

Although the types of actions that underlie complaints filed with the APA's Ethics Committee vary in number from year to year, one of the actions listed in the answers to this question has consistently been the most frequent cause of complaints. a. CORRECT The 2009 Report of the Ethics Committee, for example, identifies sexual misconduct of an adult as being the behavior most commonly cited in cases opened by the Ethics Committee, which is consistent with previous reports. Test misuse, breach of confidentiality, and discrimination (answers b, c, and d) are causes of complaints but not as often as is sexual misconduct. b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: sexual misconduct

Answer 99

Keep in mind that privilege is waived only in certain circumstances and that, even when it is waived, another person or agency does not become the "holder of the privilege." a. CORRECT The defendant would still be the "holder of the privilege" even if privilege is waived. (Note that, in the situation described in this question, privilege would be waived only if the defendant actually claims insanity as his/her defense during the trial.) Additional information on privilege is provided in the Ethics Manual in the written study materials. b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: the defendant

Answer 100

Of the advertisements/solicitations described in the responses, only one is clearly prohibited by ethical guidelines. a. Incorrect Testimonials are acceptable as long as they are not solicited from clients who are susceptible to undue influence (see Standard 5.05 of the APA's Ethics Code). b. Incorrect Free initial sessions are not prohibited by ethical guidelines. c. CORRECT In-person solicitation of individuals who are vulnerable to undue influence is explicitly prohibited by Standard 5.06 of the APA's Ethics Code and is inconsistent with the "spirit" of the Canadian Code of Ethics (see, e.g., Principles I.27 and III.31). d. Incorrect Ads in the yellow pages of the phone directory are not prohibited by ethical guidelines. The correct answer is: uninvited in-person solicitations for therapy of individuals whose homes were destroyed several months ago by a hurricane

Answer 101

To be consistent with ethical requirements (e.g., Standard 3.12 of the APA's Ethics Code), Dr. Holliday should make some kind of arrangements for his clients while he is on vacation. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT Of the answers given, this one makes the most sense in terms of the client's welfare and Dr. Holliday's interests. Ethically, Dr. Holliday would not be required to be available by phone to his clients during his vacation or to provide alternative ongoing services but would be required to provide the clients with a contact for emergency situations. d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: give his clients the phone number of a colleague who has agreed to accept phone calls in emergencies.

Answer 102

Contingent fees are fees that depend on the outcome of a case (often a percentage of the money the client receives). a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT Contingent fees are addressed in Paragraph 5.02 of the Specialty Guidelines, which states: "Forensic practitioners seek to avoid undue influence that might result from financial compensation or other gains. Because of the threat to impartiality presented by the acceptance of contingent fees and associated legal prohibitions, forensic practitioners strive to avoid providing professional services on the basis of contingent fees." d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: Contingent fees should ordinarily be avoided.

Answer 103

The APA and CPA guidelines are both very specific about the activities that constitute "psychological services." a. CORRECT The conduct of scientific research is not included in the definition of psychological services. b. Incorrect Program development is included. c. Incorrect Consultation is included. d. Incorrect Supervision is included. The correct answer is: the conduct of scientific research

Answer 104

This is a difficult question to answer since none of the answers is incorrect. However, the best answer is the one that comes closest to the actual language of the ethical guidelines. a. CORRECT The provisions of the APA and CPA ethical guidelines are somewhat ambiguous with regard to this issue. However, Standard 3.05(b) of the APA's Ethics Code states that, when a multiple relationship occurs, "the psychologist takes reasonable steps to resolve it with due regard for the best interests of the affected person and maximal compliance with the Ethics Code"; and the Values Statement of Principle III of the Canadian Code of Ethics contains similar language. b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: remedy the situation in a way that takes the client's best interests into account.

Answer 105

Surveys of psychologists have found that those who report sexual relations with clients share some characteristics. a. Incorrect Therapists who become sexually involved with clients tend to be older than those who have not, and professional experience has not been linked to sexual involvement with clients. b. Incorrect D. H. Lamb, S. J. Catanzaro, and A. S. Moorman found that there was no statistically significant association between having a sexual relationship with a client and having had a sexual relationship with a supervisor, instructor, or therapist [Psychologists reflect on their sexual relationships with clients, supervisees, and students: Occurrence, impact, rationales, and collegial intervention, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(1), 102-107, 2003]. c. Incorrect In an earlier survey, Lamb and Catanzaro found that psychologists who reported having sexual relations with therapy clients were more likely to say the relationship had a negative (versus positive) impact [Sexual and nonsexual boundary violations involving psychologists, clients, supervisees, and students: Implications for professional practice, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29(5), 498-503, 1998]. d. CORRECT In their 1998 survey, Lamb and Catanzaro found that psychologists who reported sexual relations with clients were also more likely to report having been involved in non-sexual dual relationships than were psychologists who had not had sexual relations with clients. The correct answer is: more likely than those who have not had sexual relations with clients to have had other non-sexual dual relationships with their clients.

Answer 106

Quid pro quo is one of two legally recognized types of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is addressed in Standard 3.02 of the APA's Ethics Code, and the types of harassment are described in the Ethics Manual in the written study materials. a. CORRECT Quid pro quo sexual harassment occurs when a person's submission to or rejection of sexual advances affects his/her employment status. (Hostile environment sexual harassment is the other legally recognized type of sexual harassment.) b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: a situation in which an employees response to sexual demands impacts his/her job.

Answer 107

Ethical guidelines are very clear about situations in which a therapist believes that it is the appropriate time to terminate therapy. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT Of the responses given, this is most consistent with ethical guidelines. Standard 10.10 of the APA's Ethics Code requires psychologists to terminate therapy when it is "reasonably clear that the client/patient no longer needs the service" but to do so only after providing the appropriate pretermination counseling. Principles III.31 and 37 of the Canadian Code of Ethics contain similar language. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: provide Malcolm with a brief period of pretermination counseling and discuss the reasons why termination is appropriate.

Answer 108

Confidential client information should be revealed in a legal proceeding only when the client has signed a waiver or when the court has issued an order indicating that privilege is waived. a. Incorrect You may provide the information if the client has signed a waiver. b. CORRECT If the client's attorney is present, you may ask him or her if you should answer the question. However, if the attorney is not present, you should not provide the information without a waiver from the client but, instead, should assert the privilege on behalf of the client. c. Incorrect See explanation for response c. d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: assert the privilege unless the client has signed a waiver.

Answer 109

Ethical guidelines require that tests be used only for the purposes for which they have been validated. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT "For research purposes only" implies that this test has not been validated for clinical use and, therefore, should not be used for that purpose. The correct answer is: not use the test.

Answer 110

Legally, three conditions are required for a consent to be truly "informed." Note that this question is asking for the element that is NOT required. a. CORRECT In order for a consent to be informed, the individual must have adequate information (knowledge) and be able to comprehend that information, must give consent voluntarily (without coercion), and must have the competence (capacity) to make rational decisions. Credibility is not one of the conditions for consent. Additional information on informed consent is provided in the Ethics Manual in the written study materials. b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: credibility

Answer 111

The issues listed in this answer were all identified as "ethically troubling issues" in a survey of psychologists by K. S. Pope and V. A.Vetter [Ethical dilemmas encountered by members of the American Psychological Association: A national survey, American Psychologist, 47(3), 397-411, 1992]. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT Of the 703 ethically troubling issues cited by psychologists in the Pope and Vetter study, the largest number (128) were related to confidentiality. In contrast, conduct of colleagues, treatment termination, and sexual issues were cited, respectively, 29, 5, and 28 times. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: confidentiality

Answer 112

The EPPP is a requirement for licensure in the United States and Canada. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT The Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) describes the EPPP as a measure of "the knowledge that should have been acquired by any candidate who is seeking licensure to practice psychology." c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: measure of basic knowledge of psychology.

Answer 113

The use of deception is not prohibited by ethical guidelines but, when it is used, it must be accompanied by certain actions. Guidelines for the use of deception are provided in Standard 8.07 of the APA's Ethics Code and are discussed in the Ethics Manual in the written study materials. a. Incorrect This is not required by the ethical guidelines. b. CORRECT When deception is necessary, participants must be provided with an explanation of the purpose of the study as soon as possible. c. Incorrect This is not required by ethical guidelines. d. Incorrect This is incorrect since "significant value" does not preclude explaining the true purpose of the study to participants as soon as possible. The correct answer is: explain the true nature of the study to all participants as soon as possible.

Answer 114

None of the information included in the psychologist"s business card is prohibited by ethical guidelines. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT It is not unethical to charge clients on a sliding scale, and it would only be unethical to provide the first session free if there was some underlying coercion involved. It is also acceptable to list oneself as an APA member as long as it is not done in a way that is misleading. The correct answer is: ethical.

Answer 115

The psychologist already has an established relationship with the child, which changes the situation in an important way. a. CORRECT Since the psychologist has a therapeutic relationship with the child, it would be in the child's best interests for the psychologist to refrain from testifying. Instead, the psychologist's role should be to provide the child with continued support. b. Incorrect Even if both parents consent to her testimony, the psychologist would be engaging in a multiple relationship which ordinarily should be avoided in custody cases. See Paragraph II.7 of the APA's Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluations in Family Law Proceedings. c. Incorrect This would be the best course of action when a psychologist does not have a previous relationship with any of the involved parties. d. Incorrect One of the reasons that the psychologist should not testify is because it might be difficult to be objective. The correct answer is: decline the request to testify.

Answer 116

Ethical violations by colleagues are addressed by Standards 1.04 and 1.05 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principles II.40 and 41 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect Filing a complaint with the Ethics Committee would be unethical if it involved a breach of the client"s confidentiality. b. Incorrect See explanation for responses a and c. c. CORRECT Ethical guidelines require psychologists to address ethical violations by other psychologists but to do so in a way that does not violate the confidentiality of the involved client. Therefore, this is the best course of action of those presented in the answers to this question. d. Incorrect The question does not say that you have a current professional relationship with the client and, even if you did, it probably would not be appropriate to confront her with this from both an ethical and clinical perspective. The correct answer is: discuss the matter further with the colleague to see what course of action he plans to take.

Answer 117

Standard 8.12 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.7 of the Canadian Code of Ethics apply to the situation described in this question. a. Incorrect This would be necessary only if the student made a major contribution to the project. b. Incorrect This would be sufficient only if the student made a minor contribution to the project. The fact that the student is being paid does not preclude publication credit. c. Incorrect The fact that the student is being paid for her participation in the research project does not preclude publication credit. d. CORRECT This response is most consistent with ethical guidelines. Standard 8.12(b), for example, states that "principal authorship and other publication credits accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional contributions of the involved, regardless of their relative status." The correct answer is: He should acknowledge the student in a manner consistent with her contribution to the project.

Answer 118

In custody cases, a psychologist must always put the best interests of the child first. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT As noted by E. J. Kermani (Handbook of Psychiatry and the Law, Chicago, Year Book Medical Publ., Inc., 1989), the concept of privilege "specifies that the parents" right must yield to the best interest of the child" regardless of who requested the evaluation in a custody case. In other words, parents cannot claim privilege or refrain from waiving privilege in legal matters pertaining to custody. d. Incorrect The psychologist was hired by the court, so he does not need a court order in order to testify. The correct answer is: provide the court with the information he feels is in the best interests of the children.

Answer 119

Answer B is correct: Psychologists frequently consult with other professionals, such as medical doctors, lawyers, and teachers. It is imperative that they be aware that every profession has professional and ethical standards that must be maintained. General Principle B of APA's Ethics Code states that "psychologists consult with, refer to, or cooperate with other professionals and institutions to the extent needed to serve the best interests of those with whom they work"; and the Values Statement of Principle IV of the Canadian Code of Ethics states that "in order to be responsible and accountable to society, and to contribute constructively to its ongoing development, psychologists need to be willing to work in partnership with others." This answer is most consistent with these guidelines. Answer A: It is unrealistic to presume that it is possible to limit decision-making to psychologists only. There are many situations, especially in a multidisciplinary setting, where consultation with other professionals is necessary. Answer C: Psychologists do not need to obtain permission to work with other professionals. Answer D: Each profession has different professional and ethical responsibilities, and it is not advisable (and often not possible) to homogenize the responsibilities of different professions. The correct answer is: cooperate with other professionals when developing professional and ethical standards for psychological services.

Answer 120

This issue is addressed by Standard 8.02 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle I.24 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT Ethical guidelines require researchers to allow participants to withdraw at any time from a research study. This answer is most consistent with this requirement. The correct answer is: allow the student to withdraw from the study.

Answer 121

Sexual harassment is explicitly addressed by Standard 3.02 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle I.4 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. CORRECT Standard 3.02 of the Ethics Code states that "psychologists do not engage in sexual harassment"; and Principle I.4 of the Canadian Code of Ethics states that psychologists "abstain from all forms of harassment, including sexual harassment." b. Incorrect See explanation for response a. c. Incorrect See explanation for response a. d. Incorrect See explanation for response a. The correct answer is: is explicitly prohibited by ethical guidelines.

Answer 122

Being familiar with the exact language of the ethical guidelines would have allowed you to identify the correct response to this question. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT Standard 7.07 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle II.28 of the Canadian Code of Ethics prohibit psychologists from becoming involved in sexual relationships with students and supervisees over whom they have evaluative authority. The correct answer is: Ethical guidelines prohibit sexual relationships with supervisees over whom the psychologist has evaluative authority.

Answer 123

The situation described in this question is addressed by general ethical guidelines for multiple relationships and in the APA's Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with the provisions of the APA's Ethics Code which prohibit psychologists from becoming involved in multiple relationships that might impair their objectivity and the APA's Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology which warns psychologists about the need for caution in dual relationships and roles in forensic settings. (The actions described in answer a, b, and c do not constitute sufficient caution.) The correct answer is: refuse to evaluate the inmate for the purpose of parole.

Answer 124

The use of inducements to encourage participation in a research study is addressed by Standard 8.06 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principles I.27 and III.32 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. CORRECT This answer is most consistent with ethical guidelines. For example, Standard 8.06 of the Ethics Code states that "psychologists make reasonable efforts to avoid offering excessive or inappropriate financial or other inducements for research participation when such inducements are likely to coerce participation." b. Incorrect This answer does not accurately describe ethical guidelines regarding the use of inducements. c. Incorrect This answer does not accurately describe ethical guidelines regarding the use of inducements. d. Incorrect Financial and other inducements are acceptable in some circumstances. The correct answer is: Financial and other inducements are acceptable only when they do not coerce participation in the research study.

Answer 125

In the situation described in this question, the company does have a right to relevant information, but this does not free the psychologist from the obligation to inform employees about the limits of confidentiality and the company about what kinds of employee information will be revealed. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT Standard 3.07 of the APA's Ethics Code states that "when psychologists agree to provide services to a person or entity at the request of a third party, psychologists attempt to clarify at the outset of the service the nature of the relationship with all individuals or organizations involved. This clarification includes ... the fact that there may be limits to confidentiality." Principle I.26 of the Canadian Code of Ethics contains similar language. The correct answer is: inform each employee prior to the evaluation of the potential limits on confidentiality.

Answer 126

The adoption of multiple roles is addressed in the ethics codes published by the American and Canadian Psychological Associations and in the APA's Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT According to ethical guidelines, accepting multiple roles may be acceptable as long as certain conditions are met - e.g., as long as the psychologist considers the risks and benefits of doing so for all involved parties and clarifies the nature of the multiples roles with all involved parties. See Standard 3.05 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle I.26 of the Canadian Code of Ethics) and Paragraph 4.02 of the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology. d. Incorrect See explanation for response c. The correct answer is: ethically as long as she clarifies her roles with all parties.

Answer 127

HIPAA's privacy rule provides standards for protecting the privacy and security of health information that is transmitted electronically. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT The privacy rule provides minimum standards for access to and use of patient information and is superceded by other laws that provide patients with greater control over their health records. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: The privacy rule is superceded by state laws when those laws provide greater privacy protection.

Answer 128

This issue is addressed by Standard 7.03 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.12 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT To be consistent with ethical requirements when acting as an instructor or trainer, psychologists must present information accurately and in an unbiased way. Therefore, Dr. Morrison is acting unethically by presenting only information that is consistent with the results of her own research. The correct answer is: clearly unethical.

Answer 129

This issue is explicitly addressed by Standard 10.04 of the APA's Ethics Code and indirectly addressed by Principle II.18 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT In this situation, Dr. Bramwell would want to consider the client's welfare and avoid duplicating services or working at cross purposes with the other psychologist. Consequently, of the answers given, this is the best one. The correct answer is: discuss the treatment issues relevant to this situation with the client during the next session.

Answer 130

Cost analysis is conducted to determine the optimal allocation of financial resources. Experts distinguish between the four methods of cost analysis listed in the answers to this question. Additional information on these methods is provided in the Ethics and Professional Issues chapter of the written study materials. a. Incorrect Cost-feasibility analysis is used to determine the feasibility of an intervention based on the monetary and other resources it requires. b. Incorrect As its name implies, cost-minimization analysis is conducted to identify the least costly option among several options that produces equivalent outcomes. c. CORRECT A cost-utility analysis is conducted to compare the costs and patient outcomes of an intervention, with outcomes including patients' DURATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE. d. Incorrect As its name implies, a cost-benefit analysis is used to determine the relative costs and benefits of a particular intervention. The correct answer is: cost-utility analysis

Answer 131

The focus of an evaluation to determine a defendant's competence to stand trial focuses on his/her current psycholegal abilities and impairments. a. Incorrect See explanation for response b. b. CORRECT An evaluation for competence to stand trial focuses on the defendant's ability to comprehend the charges against him/her, to understand the trial process, to cooperate with his/her attorney, etc. c. Incorrect See explanation for response b. d. Incorrect See explanation for response b. The correct answer is: ability to comprehend the charges against him/her.

Answer 132

Ethical guidelines that address the confidentiality of client records are relevant to the situation described in this question. See, e.g., Standard 6.02 of the APA's Ethics Code. a. Incorrect It would not be necessary to refuse to fax the requested information unless doing so would breach client confidentiality. b. Incorrect Marking the material "confidential" would not guarantee that client confidentiality would be maintained. c. CORRECT You would not have control over who sees the documents once they've been transmitted, and this course of action would ensure that client information is kept confidential. d. Incorrect This would not necessarily be adequate for ensuring that someone other than an authorized person has had access to the documents. The correct answer is: make sure that all identifying information is removed or coded.

Answer 133

The situation described in this question is addressed by Standard 5.01 of the APA's Ethics Code and Principle III.2 of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response d. b. Incorrect See explanation for response d. c. Incorrect See explanation for response d. d. CORRECT Ethical guidelines caution against presenting one's credentials in a way that could be misleading. Dr. Vasquez should not have listed the staff member as a "Ph.D. candidate" because it is possible that many people will not understand what this means. The correct answer is: unacceptable because it is potentially misleading.

Answer 134

A psychologist's private behaviors are addressed in the Introduction and Principle C of the APA's Ethics Code and the Preamble of the Canadian Code of Ethics. a. Incorrect See explanation for response c. b. Incorrect See explanation for response c. c. CORRECT The Introduction to the APA's Ethics Code states that the "purely private conduct of psychologists ... is not within the purview of the Ethics Code." However, Principle C (Professional and Scientific Responsibility) notes that when "psychologists' conduct may compromise their professional responsibilities or reduce the public's trust in psychology and psychologists," personal misconduct may constitute a violation of the Ethics Code. Similar language is included in the Preamble of the Canadian Code of Ethics. d. Incorrect A minor legal infraction (e.g., traffic violation) is not likely to be grounds for a charge of unethical conduct. The correct answer is: may serve as grounds for a charge of unethical conduct if it compromises his/her professional responsibilities.

Answer 135

a. supervisor. When a psychologist is liable for the actions of his/her supervisee or employee, this is referred to as vicarious liability.

Answer 136

b. sexual misconduct Loss of licensure is the most frequent reason for complaints processed by the APA’s Ethics Committee, and sexual misconduct is the most common underlying cause of the loss of licensure. See, K. S. Pope and M. J. T. Vasquez, Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling, New York, Wiley, 2007.

Answer 137

C. agree to act as a fact witness only after clarifying his responsibilities and role expectations with all parties. The Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology and the Ethics Code both caution against dual (multiple) roles in forensic settings but notes that, in some cases, they are acceptable. However, as noted in the Ethics Code, when a psychologist becomes involved in a dual relationship, he/she should “clarify role expectations and the extent of confidentiality” at the outset and subsequently as changes occur.

Answer 138

C. include only information relevant to the defendant’s competence in the evaluation report. In this situation, the defendant is protected by laws that prohibit the use of evaluation data to determine a defendant’s guilt without his/her consent.

Answer 139

B. The Ethics Code recommends providing free services to clients. “Pro bono” services are provided for the public good without compensation. Although the term “pro bono” is not used in the Ethics Code, General Principle B (Fidelity and Responsibility) states that “psychologists strive to contribute a portion of their professional time for little or no compensation or personal advantage.” Because free or low-cost services are mentioned in the General Principles (which provide aspirational guidelines), this means that the Code recommends – but does not require – psychologists to provide these services.

Answer 140

c. Psychologists should seek to avoid providing professional services to a party in a legal proceeding on the basis of contingent fees. This issue is addressed in Paragraph 5.02 of the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology (APA, 2011), which states that “forensic practitioners strive to avoid providing professional services on the basis of contingent fees.”

Answer 141

d. appear in court and claim the privilege on behalf of the client. Assuming that the subpoena is valid, the psychologist must appear as requested but should assert the privilege on the client’s behalf.

Answer 142

c. have appropriate education, training, and experience. Requirements for expert testimony are provided in state and federal law. For example, Federal Rule of Evidence 702 states: “A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.”

Answer 143

b. a violation of the provisions of the Ethics Code. This response is most consistent with Standard 1.08 (Unfair Discrimination Against Complainants and Respondents) of the Ethics Code, which states that “Psychologists do not deny persons employment, advancement, admissions to academic or other programs, tenure, or promotion, based solely upon their having made or their being the subject of an ethics complaint.”

Answer 144

a. should refrain from initiating any professional activities that might be adversely affected by her medical condition. Standard 2.06 requires psychologists to “refrain from initiating an activity when they know or should know there is a substantial likelihood that their personal problems will prevent them from performing their work-related activities in a competent manner.” Personal problems include emotional, social, health-related and other personal issues.

Answer 145

d. tell the client that you will maintain confidentiality. This response is most consistent with the provisions of Standards 1.04 and 1.05, which require psychologists to give priority to client confidentiality when deciding how to handle knowledge about unethical behavior by a colleague.

Answer 146

d. obtain supervision or consultation by telephone. Although the Ethics Code requires psychologists to provide only services within the boundaries of their competence, there are exceptions. It is, for instance, perfectly acceptable for psychologists to acquire new skills and to treat new problems – but only when appropriate supervision or consultation are obtained. This is a difficult situation, but response d is the best given the circumstances and the alternatives provided in the responses.

Answer 147

d. not see the wife or the couple in therapy and make a referral to another therapist. This is covered by Standard 10.07, which prohibits psychologists from providing therapy to former sexual partners. In addition, providing therapy to the wife only would violate Standard 3.06, which states that psychologists refrain from engaging in professional activities when “personal, scientific, professional, legal, financial, or other interests or relationships could reasonably be expected to (1) impair their objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing their functions as psychologists.”

Answer 148

C. contact the appropriate child abuse reporting authority and provide them with information about the abuse and with the colleague’s name. This issue is addressed by Leland Swenson in Psychology and the Law for the Helping Professions, Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA, 1997. He states that “Any required reporter who knows that another required reporter has not reported must report the evidence of abuse as well as identify the nonreporter” (p. 413).

Answer 149

d. not give them any information about the client. Before providing information about a client (including the fact that he/she is a client), the psychologist would have to be provided with a search warrant, court order, or signed release from the client.

Answer 150

D. meet with the mother and father either together or separately but don’t include the girlfriend. This response is most consistent with requirements regarding confidentiality. Legally (and ethically), the child’s parents have a right to information about the child and test data should only be released to them. Although there might be circumstances when it would be appropriate to provide evaluation data to other interested parties, there is nothing in this question to suggest that this is the case in this situation.

Answer 151

D. ethical as long as the 50% reflects your actual expenses. Referral fees are not entirely prohibited but, in situations like this one, must reflect the costs incurred by the person making the referral.

Answer 152

D. you have acted unethically and possibly illegally. The APA’s Ethics Code and Record Keeping Guidelines require psychologists to maintain adequate records. This not only protects the welfare of the client but also protects the practitioner. In addition, many state laws require that client records be maintained and indicate the minimum information that must be included in such records.

Answer 153

C. unethical because the Ethics Code explicitly prohibits this type of arrangement. Standard 5.02 explicitly prohibits psychologists from compensating employees of the press for publicity about the psychologist and his/her work in a news item.

Answer 154

C. students are given a choice of alternative assignments. This answer is most consistent with the requirements of Standard 8.04(b) of the Ethics Code, which states that, “when research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit, the prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities.”

Answer 155

b. is ordinarily prohibited whether it is physical or psychological in nature. This response is most consistent with Standard 8.07(b), which states that “Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress.”

Answer 156

C. The student must be listed as first author except under “exceptional circumstances.” This answer is most consistent with Standard 8.12(c), which states that, “except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student’s doctoral dissertation.”

Answer 157

D. as early as is feasible. This is addressed in Standard 10.01, which states that, “when obtaining informed consent to therapy as required in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, psychologists inform clients/patients as early as is feasible in the therapeutic relationship about the nature and anticipated course of therapy, fees, involvement of third parties, and limits of confidentiality.” Similar language is included in Standard 6.04.

Answer 158

A. to see the woman until the crisis has passed and then provide her with appropriate referrals. This course of action best takes the client’s welfare into account and, therefore, is most consistent with the “spirit” of the Code (see, e.g., Standards 3.04 and 10.09).

Ethics And Professional Issues - Domain Quiz Flashcards

(182 cards)