LE 2 Flashcards

Question

During a session, a client reports that he was recently laid off from his job at a law office downtown. He reports, "Americans are losing their jobs to foreigners and I'm not going to stand for it anymore." He then makes a fist with his hand. He says that he is planning to go to his old office tomorrow and "go postal." The psychologist should: Select one: A. contact the client's employer and the police. B. schedule a session with the client tomorrow to further assess the situation. C. not breach confidentiality until the client identifies a specific victim. D. have him arrested.

Answer 1

The correct answer is A. This situation refers to the psychologist's duty to protect, which involves "making reasonable efforts to communicate the threat to the victim or victims and a law enforcement agency" (California Civil Code 43.92). The client's threat to "go postal" suggests that he has made a "serious threat of physical violence." Although he has not named the specific victim, "foreigners" and others at his workplace can be considered to be reasonably, or readily, identifiable victims. The psychologist should, therefore, warn the intended victim or victim(s) by contacting the client's employer and notify the police. Answer B: Although it may be beneficial to schedule another session with this client, the psychologist has a legal obligation to warn, protect, and predict. Answer C: Given that the psychologist knows that the client works at a law office downtown and that he is planning an attack against "foreigners" and possible others in this office, the psychologist has enough information to proceed. Answer D: The psychologist should notify the police and they will determine the next steps, which may or may not include arresting the client.

Answer 2

The correct answer is C. Evidence Code Section 1158 applies to this situation. It is consistent with HIPAA requirements and states, "whenever, before the filing of any action or the appearance of a defendant in an action, an attorney at law or his or her representative presents a written authorization therefore signed by an adult patient ... [a psychologist] shall make all of the patient's records under his, her, or its custody or control available for inspection and copying by the attorney at law or his or her representative, promptly upon the presentation of the written authorization." Moreover, Standard 9.04 of the Ethics Code states that "according to a client/patient release, psychologists provide test data to the client/patient or other persons identified in the release." Answer A: Although the attorney is representing the therapy patient, the requested information can not be sent until they receive a signed release from the patient. Answer B: Although the attorney is representing the therapy patient, the requested information can not be sent until they receive a signed release from the patient. Answer D: Given the information provided, it is likely that the psychologist can release the test data rather than a brief summary, with a signed authorization form in place.

Answer 3

The correct answer is B. In California, psychologists are not mandated to report spousal abuse. However, psychologists must report suspected abuse against a child, elder, or dependent adult. Thus, depending on the age of the alleged victim/spouse, a psychologist may need to report. Answer A: Psychologists are only required to report spousal abuse when the victim of the abuse is a minor, dependent adult, or elder. Answer B: If the victim is a minor, dependent adult, or elder, the psychologist should make a report, regardless of how long the abuse has occurred. Answer D: Psychologists are only required to report spousal abuse when the victim of the abuse is a minor, dependent adult, or elder.

Answer 4

The correct answer is B. When there is a conflict or inconsistency between the requirements of HIPAA and state laws, a psychologist should follow the law that provides the patient with greater privacy, access, or autonomy. Answer A: If state law provides the patient with greater privacy, access, or autonomy, then you wouldn't necessarily go with HIPAA in this instance. Answer C: If HIPAA provides the patient with greater privacy, access, or autonomy, then you wouldn't necessarily follow state laws in this instance. Answer D: HIPAA is enforceable in the absence of California law, and in fact, supersedes California law when HIPAA is stricter.

Answer 5

The correct answer is B. The legal requirements for a post-certification hold that follows the initial 14-day hold depend on whether the person is a suicidal, gravely disabled, or serious danger to others. WIC Section 5260 contains legal requirements for a second 14-day hold for suicidal behavior. Answer A: The requirements for individuals who are gravely disabled are provided in Section 5270. Answer C: The requirements for individuals who pose a serious danger to others are provided in Section 5300. Answer D: The requirements for individuals who are a danger to self are in Section 5260. The requirements for individuals who are a danger to others are in Section 5300.

Answer 6

The correct answer is D. Per California Laws and Regulations, Section 15610, "Abuse of an elder or dependent adult means any of the following: 1) Physical abuse, neglect, abandonment, isolation, abduction, or other treatment with resulting physical harm or pain or mental suffering; 2) the deprivation of a care custodian of goods or services that are necessary to avoid physical harm or mental suffering; 3) Financial abuse." California law provides that a mandated reporter may make a report when he or she has knowledge of, or reasonably suspects, that types of elder or dependent adult abuse for which reports are not mandated have been inflicted upon an elder or dependent adult, or that his or her emotional well-being is endangered in any other way [Section 15630(c)(1)]. Answers A, B, and C: These all include mandated reportable offenses of elder abuse.

Answer 7

The correct answer is D. Per HIPAA's privacy rule, an individual has a right to have the denial reviewed by a licensed health care professional designated by the covered entity who did not participate in the original decision to deny. There are three reviewable grounds for denying access to PHI. One of them includes when a licensed health care professional has determined that access is likely to endanger the life or physical safety of the individual or another person. Answer A: Psychotherapy notes compiled for a legal proceeding are excluded from the HIPAA privacy rule, and thus not included as reviewable grounds for denial of a request. Answer B: Psychotherapy information compiled for a legal proceeding is excluded from the HIPAA privacy rule, and thus not included as reviewable grounds for denial of a request. Answer C: Endangering the life or physical safety of the individual or another person does not extend to concerns regarding psychological or emotional harm, such as concerns that the individual would not be able to understand or be upset by the information.

Answer 8

The correct answer is C. A psychologist's responsibilities when using computer-generated test score interpretations are addressed in Standard 9.09 of the APA's Ethics Code. It states that psychologists "retain responsibility for the appropriate application, interpretation, and use of assessment instruments, whether they score and interpret such tests themselves or use automated or other services." This includes ensuring that the interpretations have evidence of adequate reliability and validity, as well as, not relying solely on a computer-generated interpretation. Answer A: The psychologist should ensure (not assume) that they are using tests that have adequate reliability and validity. Answer B: The psychologist should not assume the test results are reliable and valid based on the publisher alone. Moreover, the psychologist should ensure that the tests are not obsolete and are useful for the current purpose. Answer D: Psychologists should use computer-generated test interpretation to assist in their interpretation, though they should not use these reports as the sole basis for a diagnosis.

Answer 9

The correct answer is D. Per Ethical Standard 3.05(a) Multiple Relationships, "A psychologist refrains from entering into a multiple relationship if the multiple relationship could reasonably be expected to impair the psychologist's objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing his or her functions as a psychologist, or otherwise risks exploitation or harm to the person with whom the professional relationship exists." Although not all multiple relationships are prohibited, their close pre-existing relationship would likely impair the psychologist's objectivity. An analysis of the Ethics Code offers the following recommendation: "We advise that accepting those with close preexisting relationships into a professional relationship be avoided altogether, with the possible exception of short-term emergency support until a suitable referral can be located" (in P. Keith-Spiegel and G.P. Koocher, 1998. Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases. New York: Random House). Answer A: Regardless of the psychologist's area of specialization or the friend's request, seeing her for therapy would likely impair the psychologist's objectivity/competence/effectiveness. Answer B: Given that the psychologist can identify risks associated with multiple relationships, she should refer the friend out, as this would minimize the "harm to the person with whom the professional relationship exists." Answer C: While the friend may not be comfortable seeing another psychologist, it is unethical and constitutes dual/multiple relationships to see her for therapy and should be avoided.

Answer 10

The correct answer is D. Per Standard 9.03 of the Ethics Code, psychologists obtain informed consent for assessments, evaluations, or diagnostic services, as described in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, except when (1) testing is mandated by law or governmental regulations; (2) informed consent is implied because testing is conducted as a routine educational, institutional, or organizational activity (e.g., when participants voluntarily agree to assessment when applying for a job); or (3) one purpose of the testing is to evaluate decisional capacity. Informed consent includes an explanation of the nature and purpose of the assessment, fees, the involvement of third parties, and limits of confidentiality, and sufficient opportunity for the client/patient to ask questions and receive answers. Answers A, B, and C: These refer to the exceptions outlined above.

Answer 11

The correct answer is C. This response is consistent with Standard 6.05 of the APA Ethics Code, which states, "Psychologists may barter only if (1) it is not clinically contraindicated, and (2) the resulting arrangement is not exploitative." Answer A: Per the APA Ethics Code, barter is the acceptance of goods, services, or other nonmonetary remuneration from clients/patients in return for psychological services. Answer B: Per the APA Ethics Code, barter is the acceptance of goods, services, or other nonmonetary remuneration from clients/patients in return for psychological services. Answer D: Bartering is ethical in some situations (see above).

Answer 12

The correct answer is B. Per the Health and Safety Code (2011), a minor must be at least 12 years old and mature enough to participate in therapy without parental consent. They do not have to be a risk to self or others or an alleged victim of incest or child abuse. This code prevails over the California Family Code, which states that the minor must be at least 12 years old, mature enough to participate, and present as a danger to self or others or have been an alleged victim of incest or child abuse. Generally speaking, mental health treatment should include the minor's parent or guardian consent and involvement in treatment, unless this involvement is deemed inappropriate. The underlying rationale for treatment without parental consent is that a minor requires treatment and they might not seek treatment if parental consent were required. Therefore, the psychologist should find out more about why the client would like to proceed without their parent's consent. If they feel that this involvement would be inappropriate, they should proceed with treatment without parental consent. They should document the reasons behind their decision to not contact the parent or guardian. They should also consider including them in the treatment later on unless it's deemed inappropriate. Answer A: While these guidelines are outlined in the California Family Code, the Health and Safety Code prevails over this code and does not require the minor to be a risk to self or others or have been an alleged victim of incest or child abuse to proceed with treatment without parental consent. Answer C: While the psychologist should assess for safety concerns and provide the client with resources, they can proceed with treatment without parental consent. Answer D: Per the Health and Safety Code, the psychologist can proceed without parental consent and do not have to secure this consent.

Answer 13

The correct answer is C. "Multiple relationships that would not reasonably be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm are not unethical" (Ethical Standard 3.05(a)). Answer A: The situation presented in this question is not a clear example of an unethical (harmful) multiple relationship. Thus, it does not make sense to "terminate immediately." Answer B: It is the psychologist's responsibility to determine whether or not this situation will likely impair their objectivity, competence, or effectiveness, or risk exploitation or harm to the clients. Answer D: When presented with possible multiple relationships, a psychologist should carefully consider whether they will be able to maintain objectivity (e.g., will the psychologist closely interact with the clients at the country club?) and if this relationship is potentially harmful to the client.

Answer 14

The correct answer is A. Per California Board of Psychology Laws and Regulations section 3.10, Informed Consent, psychologists should "appropriately document written or oral consent, permission, and assent." The psychologist can, therefore, proceed with treatment with informed consent obtained orally, though they should document that they obtained informed consent in their notes. Answer B: The psychologist can obtain either written or oral consent, though it needs to be documented. Answer C: While it is good practice to obtain both oral and written informed consent, the psychologist can proceed with treatment with only oral consent. Answer D: While it is good practice to obtain both oral and written informed consent, and document this in your notes, the psychologist can proceed with treatment with only oral consent.

Answer 15

The correct answer is B. Per PC Section 11166(a), a mandated reporter of child abuse "shall make an initial report to the agency immediately or as soon as is practicably possible by telephone and the mandated reporter shall prepare and send, fax, or electronically transmit a written follow-up report within 36 hours of receiving the information concerning the incident." Answers A, C, and D: These all provide incorrect responses.

Answer 16

The correct answer is C. While the psychologist should assess if this incident was associated with harm to others, there is no overt abuse in the information provided. Thus, the psychologist should maintain the patient's confidentiality and encourage them to enter into an alcohol treatment program. Answer A: If the psychologist has reasonable suspicion that this incident was associated with harm to minors, they should make a child abuse report. However, the information provided does not warrant a report. Answer B: There is no reason to call the patient's employer. The psychologist should maintain confidentiality. Answer D: While the psychologist should maintain the patient's confidentiality, they are also obligated to address the patient's relapse and should refer them to the appropriate support systems.

Answer 17

The correct answer is A. Per section 9.03, Informed Consent in Assessments, psychologists should obtain informed consent for assessments, evaluations, or diagnostic services, as outlined in section 3.10, Informed Consent, EXCEPT when (1) testing is mandated by law or governmental regulations; (2) informed consent is implied because testing is conducted as a routine educational, institutional, or organizational activity; or (3) one purpose of the testing is to evaluate decisional capacity. Thus, a psychologist who is conducting an assessment for special education services should follow the standard informed consent procedures. Answer B: When testing is conducted as a routine educational, institutional, or organizational activity (e.g., when participants voluntarily agree to an assessment when applying for a job), the psychologist does not have to follow the standard informed consent procedures. Answer C: Similarly, when one purpose of the testing is to determine decisional capacity and the person has questionable capacity to consent, the psychologist does not have to follow the standard informed consent procedures. However, the psychologist should describe the nature and purpose of the assessment in reasonably understandable language to the person being assessed, seek the individuals assent, consider the person's preferences and best interests, and obtain appropriate permission from a legally authorized person, if such substitute consent is permitted or required by law. Answer D: When testing is mandated by law or governmental regulations, the psychologist does not have to follow the standard informed consent procedures. However, the psychologist should inform the individual of the nature of the anticipated services, including whether the services are court ordered or mandated and any limits of confidentiality, before proceeding.

Answer 18

The correct answer is D. Psychological associates and interns must receive supervision from a licensed psychologist. Answers A, B, and C: These responses accurately describe the supervision requirements for both psychological associates and interns.

Answer 19

The correct answer is C. When a client is experiencing a temporary financial crisis, a psychologist may temporarily waive or lower their fee, schedule fewer appointments, or suspend therapy for an agreed-upon period. Answer A: An unacceptable option is to abandon the client and abruptly refer her to a low-cost provider, as this may constitute abandonment if a therapeutic relationship has been established and treatment is underway. Answer B: If a client is in crisis, a psychologist must continue providing treatment to a client, regardless of the client's ability to pay, until the crisis has been resolved. Thus, referral for alternative services would not be sufficient. Answer D: While this may be an appropriate course of action, the psychologist should first assess the client to determine if they are in crisis. They may also decide to discuss available options (temporarily reducing the fee, suspending therapy for an agreed-upon period) with the client if they would like to proceed with therapy.

Answer 20

The correct answer is C. In Ewing v. Goldstein, the court expanded the meaning of the term "patient communication" to include not only communications from the patient but also from "family members" of the patient. Thus, communication from a patient's family member may trigger a psychologist's duty to protect. Answers A, B, and D: These represent incorrect statements.

Answer 21

The correct answer is D. Per section 6.07, when psychologists pay, receive payment from, or divide fees with another professional, other than in an employer-employee relationship, the payment to each is based on the services provided (clinical, consultative, administrative, or other) and are not based on the referral itself. Thus, while the psychologist cannot receive payment for a referral, they can receive part of the fee for clinical, consultative, and administrative services. Answers A, B, and C: These are all correct answers, outlined in the ethics code.

Answer 22

The correct answer is C. Per WIC Code 5150, a person admitted to a facility for 72-hour treatment and evaluation shall receive an evaluation as soon as possible and shall receive whatever treatment and care their condition requires for the full period they are held. The person shall be released before 72 hours have elapsed only if the staff member directly responsible for the person's treatment believes, as a result of his or her personal observations, that the person no longer requires evaluation or treatment. Answers A, B, and D: These all provide incorrect responses.

Answer 23

The correct answer is D. Privilege may or may not be waived in this situation and, even if it is, you should discuss the release of confidential information to the client's attorney with the client before taking action. Answer A: Regardless of whether the information released is in the best interest of the client, the psychologist should review this request with the client before taking action. Answer B: With the information provided, it is not clear that privilege has been waived. Answer C: Although the psychologist should only release relevant information, they should first discuss this request with their client.

Answer 24

The correct answer is B. A psychologist is legally required to make a child abuse report when there is reasonable suspicion of child abuse. The psychologist should inform the mother of this incident, let her know that they will be making a report, refer the child for a medical evaluation, and make a plan to ensure the child's immediate safety (i.e., limiting any contact with the best friend's brother). Answer A: The psychologist does not need the mother's consent to file a report, though they should explain to the mother why they will be making a report. Answer C: The psychologist is required to report suspected child abuse rather than conduct their own investigation of the incident. Contacting the boy's parents would be inappropriate. Answer D: Psychologists are mandated reporters of child abuse and must make the report themselves [see California Penal Code Section 11166(a)].

Answer 25

The correct answer is C. Providing therapy to families is addressed by Standard 10.02 of the Ethics Code. It states that "when psychologists agree to provide services to several persons who have a relationship..., they take reasonable steps to clarify at the outset (1) which of the individuals are the clients/patients and (2) the relationship the psychologist will have with each person. This clarification includes the psychologist's role and the probable uses of the services provided or the information obtained." Answers A, B, and D: Although the issues described in these answers are important, they should be addressed after the primary patient(s) have been identified.

Answer 26

The correct answer is B. This question addresses several inappropriate relationships for psychologists. Per Standard 10.06, sexual intimacies with "close relatives, guardians, or significant others of current clients/patients" are prohibited. However, sexual intimacies with relatives of former patients are not prohibited. Of note, this standard also prohibits psychologists from terminating therapy with a client to circumvent this requirement. Answer A: Per Standard 10.07, "Psychologists do not accept as therapy clients/patients persons with whom they have engaged in sexual intimacies." Answer C: Per Standard 7.07, "Psychologists do not engage in sexual relationships with students or supervisees who are in their department, agency, or training center or with whom psychologists have or are likely to have evaluative authority." Answer D: Per Standard 7.07, "Psychologists do not engage in sexual relationships with students or supervisees who are in their department, agency, or training center or with whom psychologists have or are likely to have evaluative authority."

Answer 27

The correct answer is D. After six months of therapy, the client should have experienced some long-lasting improvement in her symptoms of anxiety. Thus, the psychologist should take action to determine why therapy has not been successful. If the client has not had a medical evaluation since the onset of her symptoms, this would be an appropriate course of action, as several medical conditions are associated with anxiety. Answer A: A modified treatment plan would be appropriate; however, the psychologist should first rule out the possibility that these symptoms are related to a medical issue. Answer B: Again, the psychologist should alter their treatment plan if the client's symptoms of anxiety are not improving, rather than continue to monitor. Answer C: If a client is not benefiting from therapy, the treatment should be terminated. However, in this situation, the client has seen improvement across home and academic settings. Thus, it may not be appropriate to terminate therapy and the psychologist should rule out a medical cause for these difficulties.

Answer 28

The correct answer is D. A 14-day certification for intensive treatment requires that, after the initial 72-hour hold, the person is a danger to self or others or is gravely disabled. Additional holds may follow the 14-day certification, with the duration of the hold depending on the individual's circumstances. Answer A: A client cannot be placed on hold because they are "mentally ill" as they would also need to show signs of being a danger to themselves, a danger to others, or gravely disabled. Answer B: This may be a reason a client may be put on an additional hold. Answer C: This may be a reason a client may be put on an additional hold.

Answer 29

The correct answer is A. California Civil Code Section 43.92 covers a therapist's duty to protect "when the patient has communicated to the psychotherapist a serious threat of physical violence against a reasonably identifiable victim or victims." Ewing v. Goldstein (2004) extended the requirements of this statute to include communications from the patient's "immediate family members" as "patient communications." However, it is unclear who is included as a "family member." Answer B: The Ewing (2004) ruling did not include extensions regarding whom to contact. However, a reasonable effort must be made to warn the intended victim(s) and the police must be notified. Answer C: The Ewing (2004) ruling did not provide extensions on what represents a serious threat of physical violence. Answer D: Similarly, Ewing (2004) did not provide extensions on who would be considered a reasonably identified victim.

Answer 30

The correct answer is A. The psychologist should continue to monitor the patient's safety. Therefore, it makes sense for the psychologist to check with her family to see if they have noticed any warning signs (e.g., giving away property or making a will) and further assess her safety. The psychologist may also want to discuss a safety plan with the client if she has thoughts of self-harm. Answer B: Given the information provided, it does not make sense for the psychologist to break confidentiality and set up a 24-hour safety watch with her family. However, they may be warranted upon obtaining further information from the family about her current functioning. Answer C: Similarly, with the information provided, the psychologist should further assess the client's risk of suicide by checking in with her family members. They should also discuss a safety plan with the client. As the client isn't endorsing suicidal thoughts, signing a no-harm contract may not be appropriate. Answer D: It is not yet determined if hospitalization is required for this client. If a more serious threat or risk assessment provides that information, the psychologist should then initiate voluntary hospitalization.

Answer 31

The correct answer is C. Penal Code Section 11172(a) states, "No mandated reporter shall be civilly or criminally liable for any report required or authorized by this article, and this immunity shall apply even if the mandated reporter acquired the knowledge or reasonable suspicion of child abuse or neglect outside of his or her professional capacity or outside the scope of his or her employment...unless it can be proven that a false report was made and the person knew that the report was false or was made with reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the report, and any person who makes a report of child abuse or neglect known to be false or with reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the report is liable for any damages caused." Answers A, B, and D: These all represent incorrect statements.

Answer 32

The correct answer is C. Because this appears to be an emergency, the psychologist must deal with the man's concerns even though their contract with the client is for couples therapy. The key to selecting the best intervention is noticing that the man's statement is vague (e.g., it does not include a specific threat of harm to others or self). Ideally, the psychologist should assess the situation further before determining the best intervention. However, based on the information available and the four options listed, the psychologist should make an agreement with the client, asking him to contact them if he feels out of control. Answer A: This does not appear to be a situation in which a breach of confidentiality would be justified. Answer B: Based on the limited information, it does not appear the client requires involuntary hospitalization at this time. The psychologist could take this action if the client were an imminent danger to himself or others. However, based on the information provided, the man is still in control of himself at this time and his concern is that he may lose control in the future. Answer D: Role-playing may be a useful step in his treatment, but making an agreement with him is the best option available as this provides the client with a sense of structure and safety (e.g., reassuring the client that assistance is available to him if he feels like he's losing control).

Answer 33

The correct answer is C. This answer is most consistent with the requirements of the APA Ethics Code and the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology. Per APA Ethics Code Section 3.10 Informed Consent, "when psychological services are court ordered or mandated, psychologists inform the individual of the nature of the anticipated services, including whether or not the services are court ordered or mandated and any limits to confidentiality, before proceeding." Answer A: Psychologists are not required to obtain informed consent for court-ordered evaluations. Answer B: Psychologists are not required to obtain informed consent for court-ordered evaluations. Answer D: The psychologist should inform the defendant of the purpose of the evaluation and the limits of confidentiality, regardless of whether or not this is requested.

Answer 34

The correct answer is D. The penalty for sexual misconduct is described in the Board of Psychology's Disciplinary Guidelines, which states: "When a finding of sexual misconduct occurs, revocation or surrender of license/registration and/or denial of an application for license or registration MUST be the penalty ordered. NO MINIMUM PENALTY." Sexual misconduct refers to any act of sexual abuse, or sexual relations with a patient or former patient within two years following termination of therapy, or "sexual misconduct that is substantially related to the qualifications, functions, or duties of a psychologist or psychological assistant or registered psychologist. Answers A, B, and C: These represent incorrect statements.

Answer 35

The correct answer is A. Given the child's bruises, reports of being physically abused, ongoing contact with this older student, and the likelihood that this student may abuse other children, the psychologist should make a child abuse report. A child abuse report is made when a therapist, within their professional capacity, has reasonable suspicion that a child has been the victim of abuse. Answer B: While mandated reporters are not required to report injury resulting from a "mutual affray between minors" (Penal Code 11165.6), the information provided in this question indicates that the child's injuries are NOT the result of a mutual fight between him and that he "tries to run away" as the older student is the aggressor. Answer C: This situation indicates that there is a reasonable suspicion of child abuse, regardless of the perpetrator is under 18 years old. Answer D: The psychologist should not break the client's confidentiality by contacting the school. It is up to the authorities to further investigate the situation and determine the next steps, which may include contacting the school.

Answer 36

The correct answer is C. Per California law, treatment records for a minor should be maintained for at least 7 years from when the patient turns 18. In other words, the records for a minor should be maintained until the client is 25 years old. Answers A, B, and D: These all provide incorrect responses.

Answer 37

The correct answer is C. When mandated by law or permitted by law for a valid purpose, a psychologist should limit the disclosure of confidential information to the minimum that is necessary to achieve the intended purpose. Per the Ethical Standards & Code of Conduct 4.05, psychologists disclose confidential information without the consent of the individual only as mandated by law, or where permitted by law for a valid purpose such as to (1) provide needed professional services; (2) obtain appropriate professional consultations; (3) protect the client/patient, psychologist, or others from harm; or (4) obtain payment for services from a client/patient, in which instance disclosure is limited to the minimum that is necessary to achieve the purpose of the communication. Answers A, B, and D: These all provide incorrect responses.

Answer 38

The correct answer is A. Given that the client is 55, it is safe to assume that his mother is at least 65 years old. Thus, this question is related to suspected elder abuse. Elder abuse includes physical abuse, neglect, abandonment, isolation, and financial abuse. Specifically, neglect refers to the failure of a person in charge of the care of the elder to exercise a sufficient degree of care, such as failure to help with their hygiene, food, shelter, or necessary medical care. Suspected incidents of elder abuse must be reported to a local law enforcement agency, adult protective services agency, local ombudsman, or the State Department of State Hospitals immediately or as soon as practically possible by telephone. As the client is reporting that he is the primary caregiver for his mother and has failed to follow through on various daily activities, such as administering her medication, a report should be made for suspected neglect. In terms of reporting laws, since she is living at home, a report must be made with adult protective services OR local law enforcement. Answer B: The psychologist only has to make a report to the local law enforcement agency or adult protective services. A report is made to the local ombudsman and local law enforcement when there is suspected elder abuse in a long term care facility. Answer C: While the psychologist should further assess the situation, they should still make a report for suspected elder abuse, particularly since she has been left alone for four days without her primary caregiver. Answer D: A report is only made to the state hospital and local law enforcement when there is suspected elder abuse in a state health hospital.

Answer 39

The correct answer is B. Regional Centers have contracts with the Department of Developmental Services to provide services to individuals with developmental disabilities and their families. California law defines a developmental disability as a disability that starts before age 18, is expected to continue indefinitely, and is a "substantial disability" for that person. The term "substantial disability" refers to a problem in at least three of the following areas: communication skills, learning abilities, self-care, mobility, self-direction, independent living skills, and economic self-sufficiency. Answers A, C, and D: These present incorrect responses.

Answer 40

The correct answer is C. Per Standard 2.06 of the Ethics Code, when psychologists become aware that "personal problems may interfere with performing their work-related duties adequately, they take appropriate measures, such as obtaining professional consultation or assistance, and determine whether they should limit, suspend, or terminate their work-related duties." Answer A: While the psychologist may refer the client out to another provider, this should be determined via consultation and thus this is not the best answer provided. Answer B: Generally speaking, psychologists should not inform their clients of their personal problems. Answer D: Given that the psychologist has already noticed that this personal problem is associated with an adverse demeanor (irritability), it can be assumed that this may negatively impact his effectiveness. Thus, it is not sufficient to simply monitor his behavior, without seeking consultation.

Answer 41

The correct answer is B. When a client poses an imminent danger to self, a breach of confidentiality is ethically and legally justified, as this may prevent the danger. This holds true for all clients, regardless of their age. When the client is a minor, the most appropriate action would be to notify the client's parent(s). If they are not immediately available, the psychologist should call the police or psychiatric emergency team. Answer A: Attempting to make a no-suicide contract would not be the most prudent option when there is suicidal intent with a plan and means, especially during a termination session. Answer C: The psychologist might contact the police to facilitate an involuntary hold. In this situation, however, it is more appropriate to contact the client's parents to notify them of the threat and elicit their support. Initiating an involuntary hold would be appropriate only if the client refused to, or could not, cooperate with less intrusive protective measures. (Note, too, that while you generally need parental consent before you can hospitalize a minor, you may proceed without parental consent if the child meets the statutory requirements for involuntary hospitalization and treatment. According to Welfare and Institutions Code 5585.50, "When any minor, as a result of a mental disorder, is a danger to self or others or is gravely disabled, and authorization for voluntary treatment is not available, a designated professional may take the minor into custody." The designated professional will then place the minor in an appropriate facility for 72 hours of treatment and evaluation. The treatment facility must attempt to notify the parent.) Answer D: Not allowing the client to leave the therapy office until the risk has passed is not a realistic option.

Answer 42

The correct answer is A. The use of computer-assisted scoring and interpretation services is addressed in Ethics Code Standard 9.09 (Test Scoring and Interpretation Services). The code states, "Psychologists select scoring and interpretation services (including automated services) based on evidence of the validity of the program and procedures as well as on other appropriate considerations. Per Standard 2.01, Boundaries of Competence, "Psychologists retain responsibility for the appropriate application, interpretation, and use of assessment instruments, whether they score and interpret such tests themselves or use automated or other services." Answer B: Although the test publishes should provide information on the test's validity, it is ultimately the responsibility of the psychologist to ensure that the tests they select are reliable and valid. Answer C: Generally speaking, psychologists are encouraged to use computer-based or automated services, as long as the program and procedures are valid. Answer D: Generally speaking, psychologists are encouraged to use computer-based or automated services, as long as the program and procedures are valid.

Answer 43

The correct answer is B. The requirements of HIPAA's Privacy Rule and California Civil Code Section 56.10(c)(7) are inconsistent regarding the release of information for research purposes. However, the requirements of HIPAA pre-empt California law because they are more stringent and provide the client with greater privacy protection. A patient's PHI can be released without authorization from the patient for research purposes when (a) approval to do so has been granted by an Institutional Review Board or Privacy Board (b) the patient is deceased or (c) when a limited data set that excludes direct identifiers is provided under a data use agreement between the health provider and researcher, according to the Privacy Rule (45 C.F.R 164.512). Answer A: The patient's consent is a valid reason to disclose PHI, but it is not the only reason. Answer C: The potential value of the research does not preclude the researcher from following the HIPAA guidelines. Answer D: PHI may be disclosed when the patient is deceased, but this is not the only time it may be disclosed.

Answer 44

The correct answer is B. A subpoena legally requires a psychologist to appear at a designated time at deposition or trial. When the client invokes the privilege (does not permit the release of confidential information), the subpoena is still valid. A psychologist's options in this situation are addressed by S. H. Behnke and J. T. Hilliard in The Essentials of Massachusetts Mental Health Law (W. W. Norton, New York, 1998). They note that, when the client invokes the privilege, the psychologist should contact the client's attorney or his/her own attorney to discuss the matter. Also, the psychologist can contact the attorney who issued the subpoena to request to be released from the subpoena. Answer A: Unless the psychologist receives the requested release, they must appear as requested but should assert the privilege on behalf of the client. Answer C: Although the psychologist may want to explain to the client that they are required to appear at the designated time at the trial and will assert the privilege, the question states that the psychologist has already contacted the client. Thus, the next step would be to consult with their own attorney or contact the attorney who issued the subpoena. Answer D: Unless the psychologist receives the requested release, they must appear as requested but should assert the privilege on behalf of the client.

Answer 45

The correct answer is B. According to Business and Professions Code 2936, "[t]o facilitate consumers in receiving appropriate psychological services, all licensees and registrants shall be required to post, in a conspicuous location in their principal psychological business office a notice which reads as follows: NOTICE TO CONSUMERS: The Department of Consumer Affair's Board of Psychology receives and responds to questions and complaints regarding the practice of psychology. If you have questions or complaints, you may contact the board on the Internet at www.psychboard.ca.gov, by calling 1-866-503-3221, or by writing to the following address: Board of Psychology, 1625 North Market Blvd., Suite N-215, Sacramento, California 95834." Also, per HIPAA, the psychologist should post the Notice of Privacy Practices in a prominent place in your office where clients can read it. Answers A, C, and D: A psychologist is required to post the Notice to Consumers.

Answer 46

The correct answer is D. The psychologist should honor their contract with the managed care company. Answer A: The psychologist should not ask the client for any additional fees for their service as they already agreed upon their fee for services with the managed care company. Answer B: Similarly, the psychologist cannot bill the managed care company for any difference in fees as they have already agreed to a contract with the manage care company. Answer C: The psychologist cannot reduce the length of their session for a managed care client and should honor their contract with the managed care company.

Answer 47

The correct answer is B. A psychologist's ethical responsibility to their clients supplants any limitations imposed by a client's managed care plan or insurance coverage. Therefore, when a decision made by a managed care company impacts the quantity or quality of care the psychologist can provide for a client, they must advocate for their client. This includes initiating an appeal on behalf of the client to challenge HMO's decision and argue for the treatment that the client needs (i.e., a treatment that is consistent with the standard of care). The psychologist should document every step of the appeal process (including all contacts with the managed care company) and - after obtaining the client's informed consent to share information - provide the company with support and documentation for the appeal. Answer A: As stated above, the psychologist should advocate for their client and the care that they need by appealing this decision, rather than immediately preparing the client for termination. Answer C: Although the psychologist may consult with a lawyer, this answer is vague and does not speak to the psychologist's duty to advocate for their client. Answer D: This is a viable option; however, the psychologist should first try and appeal the decision made by the client's HMO if they feel that additional sessions are warranted. Moreover, given the information provided, it is unclear if the client could afford to pay privately for services.

Answer 48

The correct answer is A. The supervisor for a psychological associate must be a licensed psychologist. They also must be employed in the same setting, though no minimum number of hours of employment is required, and they must be available 100% of the time -by phone, pager, or in-person- that the supervisee is accruing hours. Answer B: The supervisor must be employed in the same setting. Answer C: The supervisor must be available 100% of the time, though this can be by phone, pager, or in person. Answer D: The primary supervisor must provide a minimum of 1 hour of direct, individual, and face to face supervision each week.

Answer 49

The correct answer is D. Standard 3.05 of the Ethics Code states that psychologists should avoid multiple relationships when the relationship is likely to impair the psychologist's objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing his or her functions as a psychologist. Multiple relationships that would not reasonably be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm are not unethical. Thus, it is likely that providing therapy to a business partner or co-worker's child would violate this requirement, as it would be difficult to retain objectivity. Answer A: With the information provided, it is unlikely that attending a graduation ceremony particularly if this is in a group setting and the psychologist is not interacting with the client one on one, would cause impairment or harm or risk exploitation to the therapy client. Answer B: It may be likely a therapy client and psychologist could attend the same church service without acknowledgment of their professional relationship. Answer C: It is common for clinical supervisors to also teach graduate-level courses. These roles are somewhat similar, and both emphasize teaching. With the information provided, this would not be considered a multiple relationship that could cause harm.

Answer 50

The correct answer is D. Per APA Ethics Code, Standard 9.11, "psychologists make reasonable efforts to maintain the integrity and security of test materials and other assessment techniques consistent with law and contractual obligations, and in a manner that permits adherence to this Ethics Code." The term test integrity refers to a test's reliability and validity, while test security refers to limiting unauthorized access to test items and other test materials. If the psychologist allows a client to view test items before administration, this would be a breach of test integrity and security. Moreover, the psychologist should follow the standard test administration procedures, as viewing the items before the administration may inflate their performance as compared to the normative sample. Answer A: Although the psychologist cannot show the client the testing items before the administration, they can attempt to reduce the client's anxiety by establishing a rapport with them before starting the test. Answer B: Regardless of whether or not you include their responses, the standard administration procedures should be followed, which do not include viewing the items before the administration. Answer C: It is unacceptable and would be putting the test integrity in jeopardy. As such, there are other activities that the examiner can do to ease the client's anxiety before testing.

Answer 51

The correct answer is C. Per Ethics Code Standard 2.02, "in emergencies, when psychologists provide services to individuals for whom other mental health services are not available and for which psychologists have not obtained the necessary training, psychologists may provide such services to ensure that services are not denied. The services are discontinued as soon as the emergency has ended or appropriate services are available." Answer A: In emergencies, consulting with another professional may not be an option. Thus, the psychologist is permitted to provide services without additional consultation. Answer B: Per the vignette, the psychologist does not have experience providing services to individuals impacted by natural disasters; however, they can provide these services in emergencies. Answer D: The purpose of this code is to ensure that services are not denied in emergencies and thus refusing to provide services would be unethical.

Answer 52

The correct answer is C. Per the APA Ethics Code, Standard 6.04(e), "If the recipient of services does not pay for services as agreed, and if psychologists intend to use collection agencies or legal measures to collect the fees, psychologists first inform the person that such measures will be taken and provide that person an opportunity to make prompt payment." Answer A: First, the psychologist should inform the client of their intent to use a collection agency. Answer B: Given that the client has not paid their fee, the psychologist can move forward with using a collection agency, though they should first notify the client of this decision. Answer D: Per the APA Ethics Code, psychologists can use a collection agency or other legal measures to collect fees, though they should notify the client in advance.

Answer 53

The correct answer is A. Per California Laws and Regulations code 56.106, "a psychotherapist who knows that a minor has been removed from the custody of his or her parent or guardian shall not release the mental health records of the minor patient and shall not disclose mental health information about that minor patient based upon an authorization to release those records signed by the minor's parent or guardian." Answer B: Although it may be helpful to find out more about this request, the psychologist cannot release the records to the parent, regardless of their reasoning. Answer C: Although the code states that "this restriction shall not apply if the juvenile court has issued an order authorizing the parent or guardian to sign an authorization for the release of the mental health records or the information about the minor patient," the psychologist would not initiate this request. Answer D: The records cannot be disclosed to this parent, regardless of the amount of viewing time.

Answer 54

The correct answer is D. Per California law, a minor can only receive ECT, psychosurgery, or psychotropic medication (except in some emergencies), if they have consent from their parents or the legal guardian, a valid court order, or the minor, is legally emancipated and competent of giving informed consent. Answer A: While a client who is emancipated can provide consent, this is not the only exception to the rule. Answer B: While a 12-year old that is mature enough to participate can consent to mental health treatment, this does not apply to psychotropic medication. Answer C: While a 12-year old that is mature enough to participate can consent to mental health treatment, this does not apply to psychotropic medication.

Answer 55

The correct answer is D. Per the Board of Psychology's Notice to California Consumers Regarding the Electronic Delivery of Psychological Services (https://www.psychology.ca.gov/consumers/internet_thrpy.shtml), "Individuals who provide psychotherapy or counseling, either in person, by telephone, or over the Internet, are required by law to be licensed. Licensing requirements vary by state. Individuals who provide psychotherapy or counseling to persons in California are required to be licensed in California. Such licensure permits the consumer to pursue recourse against the licensee should the consumer believe that the licensee engaged in unprofessional conduct." Thus, the psychologist would have to be licensed in California to provide services to a California resident. Answer A: Psychologists who are licensed in California can provide therapy services over the internet with the appropriate consents in place. Answer B: Psychologists who are licensed in California can provide therapy services over the internet with the appropriate consents in place. Answer C: There is not a requirement for the psychologist to be in the same state as their client when providing services as long as they are licensed in California.

Answer 56

The correct answer is C. A licensed psychologist who fails to comply with a patient's written authorization and request for their medical records to be sent to the board within 15 days, without a good cause, is subject to a $1,000 fine per day for each day the records are not produced after the 15th day, according to the California Business and Profession Code Section 2969. Answer A, B, and D: All of these responses indicate the wrong fine amount per day.

Answer 57

The correct answer is A. Per section 15610.23, A dependent adult is "any person, regardless of whether they are living independently, between the ages of 18 and 64 years who resides in the state and who has physical or mental limitations that restrict his or her ability to carry out normal activities or to protect his or her rights, including, but not limited to, persons who have physical or developmental disabilities, or whose physical or mental abilities have diminished because of age." Answers B, C, and D: These all provide incorrect responses.

Answer 58

The correct answer is C. Per the California Laws and Ethics Code, Section 1396.5 Consumer Information, licensed psychologists who provide services to a client in a language other than English shall: (a) provide to the client as appropriate the translations of required or approved notices or publications made available by the Board in that language; (b) discuss with the client as appropriate the content of any required or approved notice or publication for those notices or publications not available in the language in which services are provided; (3) post the Notice to Consumers according to section 2936 of the Code, if made available by the Board in that language." This notice is currently available in English, Spanish, Chinese, and Korean (https://www.psychology.ca.gov/forms_pubs/bop0606.pdf). Answer A: While the psychologist should discuss the content of this notice and answer any questions, they should also provide the client with a translation. Answer B: Per the Board of Psychology, the psychologist should translate and discuss the Notice to Consumers if it is not available in the language in which services are provided rather than request another version from the Board. Answer D: While the psychologist should discuss the content of this notice and answer any questions, they should also provide the client with a translation.

Answer 59

The correct answer is A. Per the APA's Ethics Code and Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology, psychologists do not need to obtain informed consent from the individual when the assessment is court-ordered. However, psychologists should discuss the anticipated nature of the assessment (that it is court-ordered, etc.) and any limits to confidentiality before proceeding with the assessment. Answers, B, C, and D: For court-ordered evaluations, it is not necessary to obtain the consent of the defendant or their attorney before conducting the assessment and releasing the results.

Answer 60

The correct answer is C. Since the boy's parents have signed a release, the therapist should send the requested information to the principal with some limitations. Per Standard 4.04(a) of the APA's Ethics Code, "psychologists should include in written and oral reports and consultations, only information germane to the purpose for which the communication is made." In other words, the psychologist should send only information relevant to the boy's school behavior. Answer A: Sending the boy's full treatment record may not adequately minimize intrusions on privacy. Answer B: Although the psychologist may call the client's parents to discuss the request, this answer does not adequately answer the issue of minimizing intrusions on privacy when sending the boy's records. Answer D: The treatment records can be released to anyone, with the proper consent in place, and as long as this would not have a detrimental effect on the therapy or put the minor's well-being in jeopardy.

Answer 61

The correct answer is A. Per WIC Section 5260, "At the expiration of the 14 days of intensive treatment any person who, as a result of mental disorder or impairment by chronic alcoholism, during the 14-day period or the 72-hour evaluation period, threatened or attempted to take his own life or who was detained for evaluation and treatment because he threatened or attempted to take his own life and who continues to present an imminent threat of taking his own life, maybe confined for further intensive treatment according to this article for an additional period not to exceed 14 days." This post-certification hold is not renewable. Answer B: Per code 5270, if the person remained gravely disabled, they may be certified for an additional 30 days, unless a petition for conservatorship has been filed during the hold. Answer C: Per code 5300, at the end of a 14-day hold, a person who continues to present an imminent threat of danger to others may be confined for up to 180 additional days. Answer D: The question is asking about code 5260, which is used when a person does not consent to voluntary treatment.

Answer 62

The correct answer is B. When you perform a court-ordered evaluation, the court makes decisions regarding the evaluation. Consequently, the psychologist should seek the court's guidance upon receiving a request from the defendant's lawyer to participate in the evaluation. Answer A: The psychologist should not comply with this request unless this is ordered by the court. Answer C: In this case, the court is ordering the evaluation and thus the client's consent is not needed, though they should discuss the limits of confidentiality before starting the evaluation. Answer D: The psychologist can respond to the lawyer's request; however, they cannot make any decisions regarding their involvement without input from the court.

Answer 63

The correct answer is B. When a psychologist is presented with a colleague's unethical behavior, they should attempt to informally resolve this issue before taking formal action if this seems appropriate and does not violate any confidentiality rights. This issue is addressed in Standards 1.04 and 1.05 of the APA Ethics Code. Per Code 1.04, Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations, when psychologists believe that there may have been an ethical violation by another psychologist, they should attempt to resolve the issue by bringing it to the attention of that individual, if an informal resolution appears appropriate and the intervention does not violate any confidentiality rights that may be involved. Per Code 1.05, Reporting Ethical Violations, if an apparent ethical violation has substantially harmed or is likely to substantially harm a person or organization and is not appropriate for informal resolution under Standard 1.04, Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations, or is not resolved properly in that fashion, psychologists should take further action appropriate to the situation. Such action might include referral to state or national committees on professional ethics, to state licensing boards, or to the appropriate institutional authorities. This standard does not apply when an intervention would violate confidentiality rights or when psychologists have been retained to review the work of another psychologist whose professional conduct is in question. Although the colleague is acting unethically, they have not substantially harmed a person. Thus, the psychologist should attempt to informally resolve this issue before taking formal action. Answers A, C, and D: These all provide incorrect responses.

Answer 64

The correct answer is C. Per section 15630(A)(ii) of the California Welfare and Institutions Code, "if the suspected abuse does not result in serious bodily injury, a telephone report shall be made to the local law enforcement agency within 24 hours, and a written report shall be made to the local ombudsman, corresponding licensing agency, and the local law enforcement agency within 24 hours." Answer A: If the elder abuse occurred in a state hospital, it should be reported to the state department and local law enforcement. Answer B: If the elder abuse occurred while living at home, it should be reported to adult protective services or local law enforcement. Answer D: If the elder abuse occurred in a state hospital, it should be reported to the state department and local law enforcement.

Answer 65

The correct answer is C. The release of test information is complex because it is governed by ethical requirements, laws, and organizational regulations that may be contradictory. Standards 9.04 and 9.11 of the APA's Ethics Code distinguish between test data and test material. Test data may be provided to an attorney or other person listed in a client's release but test material should not be released because this may constitute a breach of test integrity and security. As defined in Standard 9.11, test material includes, "manuals, instruments, protocols, and test questions or stimuli." Of the answers are given, releasing test data (raw and scaled scores; client's responses to test questions or stimuli, etc.), is most consistent with the provisions of the APA's Ethics Code. Answer A: Releasing all of the test material, including the test questions may be a breach of test security. Thus, this may not be the best choice. Answer B: Although the psychologist may offer to provide a summary with a score summary sheet, there is no reason for them to only release a summary. Answer D: The test data, such as raw and scaled scores, do not have to be released to a mental health professional and are often released to the client.

Answer 66

The correct answer is B. Crimes that have already been committed by a patient are kept confidential, though there are a few exceptions (e.g., child abuse, elder abuse, dependent adult abuse). Moreover, if the client reports that they are planning to harm a reasonably identifiable victim, this would also be an exception to confidentiality. You would also work with your client therapeutically to change any dangerous, acting-out behaviors. Answer A: The psychologist should maintain confidentiality in this situation. Answer C: The psychologist should maintain confidentiality in this situation. Answer D: Given the information provided, the client has not made a threat of future violence against others and thus would not warrant hospitalization.

Answer 67

The correct answer is D. Per Section 124260(b), a minor who is at least 12 years old can consent to outpatient mental health treatment or counseling services provided by a "professional person" when, in the opinion of that person, "the minor is mature enough to participate intelligently in the mental health treatment or counseling services." Therefore, a clinical psychologist cannot provide outpatient mental health services to a 10-year-old child without parental consent. Answers A, B, and C: All of these responses are incorrect. A clinical psychologist cannot provide outpatient mental health services to a minor patient (10 years of age) without parental consent.

Answer 68

The correct answer is A. Per California Code of Regulations Section 1387(b)(8), "Supervised professional experience shall not be obtained from supervisors who have received payment, monetary or otherwise, from the trainee to provide such supervision." Answers B, C, and D: These all provide incorrect responses.

Answer 69

The correct answer is D. The right to challenge an involuntary commitment is addressed in Welfare and Institutions Code Section 5275, which states, "Every person detained by certification for intensive treatment shall have a right to a hearing by writ of habeas corpus for his or her release after he or she or any person acting on his or her behalf has requested a release to either (a) the person delivering the copy of the notice of certification to the person certified at the time of the delivery, or (b) to any member of the treatment staff of the facility providing intensive treatment, at any time during the period of intensive treatment according to Section 5250, 5260, or 5270.10." The man is also entitled to assistance from a patient's rights advocate who can discuss his options and possible outcomes. Answer A: While the client may decide to discuss with the psychologist, the law requires a hearing. Answer B: Although the client may discuss his desire to challenge the hold with his family, the question is asking for the actual laws evoked when challenging a hold. Answer C: A Riese hearing is conducted to determine a person's capacity to consent to psychotropic medication.

Answer 70

The correct answer is D. Per standard 10.07 of the Ethics Code, psychologists are prohibited from providing therapy to former sexual partners. Answer A: Psychologists cannot accept therapy clients "with whom they have engaged in sexual intimacies," regardless of the time that has elapsed. Moreover, while psychologists can engage in sexual intimacies with former clients after a two-year interval, this is only in the "most unusual circumstances." Answer B: Per Standard 3.06, psychologists should refrain from engaging in professional activities when "personal, scientific, professional, legal, financial, or other interests or relationships could reasonably be expected to (1) impair their objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing their functions as psychologists." Given that the wife is married to the psychologist's former sexual partner and that she is seeking therapy for "marital problems," it is likely that their personal relationship with the husband will impair their objectivity. Answer C: While the psychologist may discuss the reasons for referring the couple out for services, this does not preclude them from following the ethical standards regarding therapy with former sexual partners.

Answer 71

The correct answer is A. As stated in the California Board of Psychology Code of Regulations, Sections 1391.5 and 1391.6, the supervisor of a psychological assistant must be employed in the same setting in which the psychological assistant is employed and be available to the assistant 100% of the time that they are performing psychological functions. Answer B: The supervisor must be available to the supervisee 100% of the time that they are performing psychological functions. Answer C: The supervisor can be a licensed psychologist or a board-certified psychiatrist. Although they must be available 100% of the time, this can be in-person, by telephone, by pager, or other appropriate technology. Answer D: The supervisor can be a licensed psychologist or a board-certified psychiatrist. Although they must be available 100% of the time, this can be in-person, by telephone, by pager, or other appropriate technology.

Answer 72

The correct answer is D. Standard 2.01(b) of the Ethics Code states, "Where scientific or professional knowledge in the discipline of psychology establishes that an understanding of factors associated with age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language or socioeconomic status is essential for effective implementation of their services or research, psychologists have or obtain the training, experience, consultation, or supervision necessary to ensure the competence of their services, or they make appropriate referrals." Answers A, B, and C: The social stress or stigma that is commonly associated with minority groups, such as the client's sexual orientation, is likely a contributor to his chronic anxiety. Given that the client has been in therapy with the psychologist for eight months, the psychologist should not abandon him by referring him to another therapist. However, the psychologist's lack of experience working with gay clients may negatively impact their ability to provide effective psychological services, and they should obtain consultation, training, or supervision to ensure competency, regardless of the client's progress in treatment.

Answer 73

The correct answer is B. The penalty for failing to report known or reasonably suspected cases of child abuse is described in California Penal Code Section 11166. Per this code, a mandated reporter should make an initial report by telephone to the agency immediately or as soon as is practicably possible and shall prepare and send, fax, or electronically transmit a written follow-up report within 36 hours of receiving the information concerning the incident. Also, "any mandated reporter who fails to report an incident of known or reasonably suspected child abuse or neglect as required by this section is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by up to six months confinement in a county jail or by a fine of one thousand dollars ($1,000) or by both that imprisonment and fine." Answers A, B, and C: The fine is up to $1000 and/or confinement in a county jail for up to 6 months.

Answer 74

The correct answer is B. This issue is addressed in Standard 5.02(b) of the Ethics Code, which prohibits psychologists from compensating employees of the press, radio, television, or other communication media, in return for publicity in a news item. Answers A, C, and D: Psychologists may barter so long as it is not clinically contraindicated or exploitative. Regardless of the objectivity of the article, psychologists are prohibited from compensating employees of the press in return for publicity.

Answer 75

The correct answer is B. When a psychologist who has been licensed in another state, Canadian province, or U.S. territory, for at least 5 years, lets their license expire for at least 3 years, they are not required to take the EPPP. Instead, they are required to file an application, meet all of the current licensing requirements, pay the appropriate fees, and pass the CPLEE, according to the California Code of Regulations, section 1388.6. Answer A: While the psychologist should take the CPLEE, they must also have been licensed in another state, Canadian province, or U.S. territory, for at least 5 years. Answer C: The psychologist is required to take the CPLEE, regardless of whether or not they passed the ethics exam in another state. Answer D: The psychologist is not required to take and pass the EPPP if they were licensed in California for at least 5 years.

LE 2 Flashcards

(100 cards)