Flashcards in G543 - Turning To Crime: Biology - Raine Et Al Deck (22)
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What was the aim?
To determine whether there is a biological basis for criminality
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What type of scanning method was used?
PET scanning (positron emission tomography)
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How many criminals were studied?
39 males 2 females
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What were the criminals charged with?
Murder or manslaughter in california
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What did they all plead?
Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI)
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What were the 7 reasons for referral?
>Schizophrenia
>head injury or organic damage
>psychoactive drug abuse
>affective disorder
>epilepsy
>hyperactivity or learning disorder
>personality disorder
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How many participants were in the control group?
41
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What were the control group matched on?
Sex and age. 6 schizophrenics were also matched with the schizophrenics in the experimental group
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What do you need to inject into the participant for PET scanning?
A tracer - flurodeoxyglucose or FDG.
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What is the tracer taken up by?
The active areas of the brain. The more glucose taken up the more active the brain area is
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What were participants given while having a PET scan?
A continuous performance task (CPT)
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What lobes does the CPT specifically aim to activate?
The frontal lobes and the right temporal and parietal lobes.
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Where did murderers have significantly reduced activity?
Both sides of the prefrontal cortex, the posterior parietal cortex and the corpus callosum
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Where were there abnormal asymmetries?
Amygdala, thalamus and hippocampus
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Which hemisphere had lower activity compared to the control group
The left hemisphere had lower activity than the right hemisphere in contrast with the control group
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What has the Amygdala been linked to in other studies?
Violent behaviour
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What is the prefrontal cortex involved in?
Regulating behaviour
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What does damage to the prefrontal cortex make it more likely for a person to do?
To act out aggressive impulses
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Subjects who have had their corpus callosum disconnected have an an inability to do what?
See the consequences of their actions
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What could corpus callosum disconnection be mirrored by in the NGRI criminals?
Low levels of activity in the corpus callosum
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How could a person be helped to avoid any possible violent behaviour in the future?
We could scan people to see if they have any of the discovered differences in brain activity levels
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