Glucose 1

Question 1

What is the sole source of energy for the brain?

Answer 1

Glucose

Question 2

What is the range of a normal blood glucose?

Answer 2

70 - 120 mg/dl

Question 3

What are the 3 sources of glucose?

Answer 3

1. Gluconeogenesis
2. Glycogenolysis
3. Intestinal absorption

Question 4

Describe intestinal absorption of glucose…

Answer 4

1. Carbohydrates are broken down to monosaccharides by duodenal brush-border enzymes
2. Glucose is activity transported across the brush border by Na-dependent carrier
3. Glucose enters the portal circulation
4. Glucose is transported to the liver

Question 5

Post-prandially, how many hours will glucose provide fuel for cellular metabolism?

Answer 5

4 - 8 hours

Question 6

When in a fasted state, normoglycemia is maintained with what sources?

Answer 6

Endogenous glucose sources

Question 7

What are the 2 endogenous glucose sources?

Answer 7

1. Gluconeogenesis

2. Glycogenolysis

Question 8

Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from precursors: name 3.

Answer 8

1. Amino acids
2. Lactate
3. Glycerol

Question 9

In which 2 organs does gluconeogenesis occur?

Answer 9

1. Liver

2. Kidney

Question 10

Why is hepatic function important to maintaining normoglycemia?

Answer 10

1. Primary site of gluconeogenesis

2. Site of glycogen storage

Question 11

Insulin increases or decreases cellular uptake of glucose?

Answer 11

Increases

Question 12

Insulin stimulates or inhibits lipolysis?

Answer 12

Inhibits

Question 13

What is insulin’s effect on gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?

Answer 13

Inhibition

Question 14

What 4 hormones are released in response to hypoglycemia?

Answer 14

1. Glucagon
2. GH
3. Adrenaline
4. Cortisol

Question 15

What are the 4 net effects of the diabetogenic hormones?

Answer 15

1. Promote glycogenolysis
2. Promote gluconeogenesis
3. Shut down insulin secretion
4. Decrease peripheral glucose use

Question 16

What is the endogenous source of glucagon?

Answer 16

Pancreatic alpha cells

Question 17

What is the endogenous source of insulin?

Answer 17

Pancreatic beta cells

Question 18

What is the effect of the diabetogenic hormones on blood glucose?

Answer 18

Increases BG

Question 19

What are the possible causes of hypoglycemia?

Answer 19

1. Lack of intestinal absorption
2. Lack of hepatic production
3. Endocrine disorder (addison’s, insulinoma)
4. Increased glucose utilization (sepsis, polycythemia)

Question 20

What is the first portion of the brain affected by hypoglycemia?

Answer 20

Cerebral cortex

Question 21

What is the first ORGAN affected by hypoglycemia?

Answer 21

Brain

Question 22

What are 2 causes for a MILD (>45 mg/dL) hypoglycemia?

Answer 22

1. Addison’s

2. Hepatic disease

Question 23

What are 3 causes for SEVERE (<40 mg/dL) hypoglycemia?

Answer 23

1. Sepsis
2. Neoplasia
3. Juvenile

Question 24

What is an insulinoma?

Answer 24

Tumor of the pancreatic beta-cells

Question 25

Would you expect hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia with an insulinoma? Why?

Answer 25

Hypoglycemia: Insulinoma's secrete insulin

Question 26

Are most insulinomas benign or malignant?

Answer 26

Malignant

Question 27

What finding would be diagnostic of an insulinoma?

Answer 27

High insulin with concurrent low blood glucose

Question 28

What are the 3 general causes of hyperglycemia?

Answer 28

1. Post-prandial 2. Excess hormones that raise BG 3. Deficit in hormones that decrease BG

Question 29

What is the therapy for hyperglycemia?

Answer 29

Insulin

Question 30

Therapy for hyperglycemia (insulin) is usually only indicated for what condition?

Answer 30

Acromegaly

Question 31

What is the renal threshold for blood glucose in the dog?

Answer 31

180 mg/dL

Question 32

What is the renal threshold for blood glucose in the cat?

Answer 32

280 mg/dL

Question 33

What pancreatic cells produce insulin?

Answer 33

Beta

Question 34

What pancreatic cells produce glucagon?

Answer 34

Alpha

Question 35

What pancreatic cells produce somatostatin?

Answer 35

Gamma

Question 36

What is the result of insulin deficiency?

Answer 36

Hyperglycemia

Question 37

Explain how polyuria and polydipsia develop in a diabetic patient...

Answer 37

1. Hyperglycemia 2. Blood glucose levels exceed renal threshold 3. Glucosuria 4. Osmotic diuresis 5. Polyuria 6. Compensatory polydipsia

Question 38

Explain how polyphagia develops in a diabetic patient...

Answer 38

1. Insulin deficiency 2. Glucose does not enter the satiety center 3. Failure to inhibit feeding center 4. Polyphagia

Question 39

What are the 4 classical signs of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 39

1. PU 2. PD 3. PP 4. Weight loss

Question 40

What is the most common endocrine disease in dogs and cats?

Answer 40

Diabetes mellitus

Question 41

What would be a common signalment of a dog most likely to develop diabetes?

Answer 41

Female 7 - 10 years old Samoyed, Keeshond

Question 42

What would be a common signalment of a cat most likely to develop diabetes?

Answer 42

Neutered male > 6 years of age Australian, Burmese

Question 43

Which type of DM is most common in dogs?

Answer 43

Type I

Question 44

Which type of DM is most common in cats?

Answer 44

Type II

Question 45

Which type of DM is insulin-dependent?

Answer 45

Type I

Question 46

Which type of DM is non-insulin dependent?

Answer 46

Type II

Question 47

Which type of DM is due to genetic predispositions?

Answer 47

Type I

Question 48

Which type of DM is due to defective pancreatic beta cells?

Answer 48

Type II

Question 49

How would you diagnose diabetes mellitus? Name 3 findings that would support a diagnosis.

Answer 49

1. Resting hyperglycemia 2. Glucosuria 3. Clinical signs