Lower Abdomen

Question 1

what specific part of the small intestine makes up the proximal 2/5 ? what makes up the distal 3/5 ?

Answer 1

proximal 2/5 = jejunem

distal 3/5 = ileum

Question 2

what are the 3 anatomical divisions of the stomach

Answer 2

fundus, body, pyloric antrum

Question 3

what is the stomach lined with, and what is their function

Answer 3

rugae - increase surface area to allow for expansion

Question 4

what part of the small intestine is retroperitoneal

Answer 4

duodenum

Question 5

what are plicae circularis

Answer 5

permanent folds lining the small intestine that absorb nutrients

Question 6

the abdominal aorta divides at what level ?

Answer 6

L4

Question 7

how are the vasa recta and arterial arcades organized in the jejunem

Answer 7

long vasa recta

short arterial arcades

Question 8

how are vasa recta and arterial arcades organized in the ileum

Answer 8

short vasa recta

long/large arterial arcades

Question 9

what part of the small intestine could potentially be involved w/ Meckels diverticulum ? and what could this cause

Answer 9

ileum - umbilical hernia

Question 10

what marks the start of the large intestine ?

Answer 10

cecum

Question 11

the right colic flexure is also called ? left colic flexure ?

Answer 11

hepatic flexure

splenic flexure

Question 12

where is the appendix located and what does it empty into ?

Answer 12

retrocecal

-empties into ileocecal orifice

Question 13

during appendicitis where is pain felt first

Answer 13

periumbilical region referred from T10

Question 14

what are the 3 specializations of the colon

Answer 14

• tenia coli
• haustra coli (outpouchings made by tenia coli)
• epiploic appendages (fat tags)

Question 15

what is the arterial supply to the upper abdomen from

Answer 15

celiac trunk

Question 16

what is the arterial supply to the lower abdomen

Answer 16

SMA (superior mesenteric artery) and IMA (inferior mesenteric artery)

Question 17

where is the change in arterial supply from SMA to the IMA for the lower abdomen

Answer 17

SMA supplies proximal 2/3 of TVC

IMA supplies distal 1/3 of TVC

Question 18

what 3 arteries supply the pancreas or are know as “pancreatic arteries ?

Answer 18

• splenic a.
• Superior pancreaticoduodenal a.
• Inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.

Question 19

the superior pancreaticoduodenal a. is a branch from what a. ?

Answer 19

Gastroduodenal a.

Question 20

the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. is a branch from what a. ?

Answer 20

SMA

Question 21

what arteries supply the kidney and what do they branch from

Answer 21

renal a.

-lateral branch off of abdominal aorta

Question 22

what are the gonadal aa. and what do they branch from

Answer 22

females = ovarian a.
males = testicular a.
-both branches off abdominal aorta

Question 23

what is the main drainage pathway of the lower abdomen

Answer 23

inferior vena cava to right atrium

Question 24

blood drainage from abdominal viscera has what drainage pathway

Answer 24

portal venous system

—–then to IVC to right atrium

Question 25

the union of what 2 veins form the portal vein

Answer 25

splenic and SMA vv.

Question 26

there are 4 Portal-Caval Anastomoses w/in the lower abdomen, what are they ?

Answer 26

- Gastric (P) and Esophageal - paraumbilical (P) and epigastric - colic (P) and retroperitoneal - superior rectal (P) and middle/inferior rectal

Question 27

which venous system of the lower abdomen has no valves and why is this important

Answer 27

Portal | -can cause backflow into caval system if hypertension

Question 28

what can be the result of dilated caval veins due to backflow from the portal venous system

Answer 28

hemmoroids, vascular rupture, hemmoraging

Question 29

what are the postganglionic sympathetic ganglia called along the abdominal aorta where the preganglionic splanchnic nerves synapse

Answer 29

collateral ganglia, paraaortic ganglia, -celiac ganglia

Question 30

where do sympathetic cell bodies from the midgut originate ?

Answer 30

T5-T12

Question 31

where do sympathetic cell bodies from the hindgut originate

Answer 31

T12-L2

Question 32

where do parasympathetic fibers (cell bodies) for the lower abdomen innervating the proximal 2/3 of the TVC originate

Answer 32

CN X

Question 33

where do parasympathetic fibers (cell bodies) innervating the distal 1/3 of the TVC originate

Answer 33

S2-S4

Question 34

what is the preganglionic sympathetic nerve fiber innervating T5-T9

Answer 34

greater splanchnic n.

Question 35

what is the preganglionic sympathetic nerve fiber innervating T10-T11

Answer 35

lesser splanchnic n.

Question 36

what is the preganglionic smpathetic fiber innervating T12

Answer 36

least splanchnic n.

Question 37

what is the preganglionic sympathetic fiber innervating the lumbar region

Answer 37

lumbar splanchnic nerve

Question 38

what are the 4 major autonomic ganglia associated with the lower abdomen

Answer 38

- celiac ganglion - superior mesenteric ganglion - aorticorenal ganglion - inferior mesenteric ganglion

Question 39

which autonomic ganglion of the lower abdomen receives fibers from the lumbar splanchnic nn. (sympathetics) and S2-S4 branches (parasympathetics)

Answer 39

inferior mesenteric ganglion

Question 40

what 3 ganglion of the lower abdomen recieve fibers from the thoracic splanchnic nn. (sympathetics) and CN X (parasympathetics)

Answer 40

- celiac ganglion - superior mesenteric ganglion - aorticorenal ganglion