Thoracic wall, lungs, middle mediastimun

Question 1

what are the 3 functions of the thorax

Answer 1

1 - breathing
2 - protection of vital organs
3 - conduit for important passageways

Question 2

what are the 3 cavities of the thorax

Answer 2

2 pleural cavities

1 middle mediastinum cavity

Question 3

what are the 3 parts of the sternum

Answer 3

1 - manubrium
2 - body of sternum
3 - xiphoid process

Question 4

the manubrium has a specific articulation notch for what joint ?

Answer 4

sternoclavicular joint

Question 5

what divides the manubrium from the body of the sternum, and what rib articulates at this surface

Answer 5

sternal angle

-2nd rib

Question 6

what is the distinction b/w the superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum

Answer 6

horizontal plane at the sternal angle

Question 7

what are the 4 parts to a rib, and what articulates at each surface

Answer 7

1 - head : articulates w/ 2 vertebral bodies and 1 intervertebral disc
2 - tubercle : articulates w/ 1 transvers process
3 - body
4 - costal groove

Question 8

the region of the greatest curve on a rib is called the _____. what is significant about this point

Answer 8

angle

-where the neurovasculature splits

Question 9

what are the 3 different types of ribs, and what rib numbers go with each

Answer 9

true ribs (1-8) - connected to sternum
false ribs (8-12) - connected w/costal cartilage
floating ribs (11-12) - no costal cartilage connection

Question 10

breasts are found in the superficial pectoral region, they are composed of what 2 things

Answer 10

• secretory glands

- fascia

Question 11

what vessels supply the breast region

Answer 11

internal thoracic a. and v.

-specifically the 2nd to 4th intercostal branches

Question 12

lymphatics in the breast region drain to where ?

Answer 12

• parasternal nodes

- axillary nodes

Question 13

what provides cutaneous innervation to the breast region

Answer 13

lateral and anterior branches of the 4-6th thoracic intercostal n.

Question 14

what are the 2 muscles of the pectoral region, and what are the individual heads of each

Answer 14

pec major - clavicular head and sternocostal head

pec minor -

Question 15

the pec minor muscle is enveloped in ________ fascia ?

Answer 15

clavipectoral fascia

Question 16

what are the muscles of the anterior thoracic wall that can be seen on the external surface of the thorax ?

Answer 16

external intercostal m.
internal intercostal m.
run in same direction as obliques

Question 17

what are the muscles of the anterior thoracic wall that can be seen on the internal surface of the thorax ?

Answer 17

• innermost intercostals (laterally)

- transversus thoracis (medially)

Question 18

what muscles of the thorax works in raising the ribs during inspiration, what about depressing the ribs during exhalation

Answer 18

Inspiration - ext. intercostal, & seratus posterior sup.

Exhalation - int. intercostal, innermost intercostal, seratus post. inferior,

Question 19

where would you find the intercostal artery, vein, and nerve in relation to the intercostal space (ICS), and in what order

Answer 19

Superior of ICS or just below each rib

• Vein superiorly
• Artery
• Nerve inferiorly

Question 20

where would you find the collateral n, a, v, in reference to the ICS

Answer 20

Inferior part of ICS or just above each rib

Question 21

what is the relationship b/w the ribs, and the diaphragm in relation to how they move during breathing

Answer 21

they move in opposite directions

Question 22

what is the function of the plerura and what are teh 2 types of pleura

Answer 22

secrete serous fluid to reduce surface tension

• visceral pleura - covers lungs
• parietal pleura - covers thoracic walls

Question 23

which is sensitive to pain the visceral or parietal pleura

Answer 23

parietal pleura

Question 24

the visceral and parietal pleura become once continuous membrane where ?

Answer 24

at the root of the lung

Question 25

what is effusion in the pleural cavity

Answer 25

fluid filling of potentail pleural cavity | ***pleural cavity is a potential space ***

Question 26

what is the result of effusion in the pleural cavity

Answer 26

compresses the lungs = difficult breathing

Question 27

what is the difference b.w a pneumothorax vs. a hemothorax

Answer 27

pneumothorax is accumulation of air potential pleural cavity whereas hemothorax is accumulation of blood

Question 28

when looking at a chest film, which will appear darker the normal side or pneumothorax side

Answer 28

side full of air (pneumothorax) is darker and full of air

Question 29

what is pleurisy and what does is result in

Answer 29

inflammation of the pleura | -leads to pleural adhesions b/w visceral and parietal pleura

Question 30

what is a pleural tap (thoracentesis) , and where does this occur ?

Answer 30

aspiration of fluids | -perform at midaxillary line in ICS of 6 or 7

Question 31

what is the division of lobes on the right and left side of the lungs

Answer 31

- Right has 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) seperated by horizontal and oblique fissure - Left has 2 (upper and lower) lobes seperated by oblique fissure

Question 32

the oblique fissure is also known as the ___ fissure whereas the horizontal fissure is also known as the ______

Answer 32

oblique = major fissure | horizontal - minor fissure (only on R)

Question 33

the root of the lungs connects what ?

Answer 33

lungs to mediastinum

Question 34

what/ where is the pulmonary ligament

Answer 34

most inferior portion of the connection b/w the lungs and middle mediastinum

Question 35

what is the division of lung bronchi ?

Answer 35

trachea ----> primary (main) bronchi ---> secondary (lobar) bronchi ----> tertiary (segmental) bronchi

Question 36

how many secondary and tertiary bronchi are there on each side

Answer 36

secondary bronchi - 3 on right 2 on left | -tertiary bronchi - 10 on right 8 on left

Question 37

what is the carina

Answer 37

the most inferior extent of the trachea where it divides into the R and L main bronchi

Question 38

What neurovasculature would you find at the right root of the lungs

Answer 38

- vagus n. - phrenic n. - pericardiacophrenic vessels

Question 39

what neurovasculature would you find on the left root of the lungs

Answer 39

- vagus n. - recurrent laryngeal n. - phrenic n. - pericardiacophrenic vessels

Question 40

the vagus n. passes ____ to the root of the lungs whereas the phrenic . pass ______

Answer 40

- vagus passes posteriorly | - phrenic passes anterior to root of lungs

Question 41

the pericardiacophrenic vessels are branches of what, and specifically run with the _______ n.

Answer 41

branches of the internal thoracic a. and brachiocephalic v. | --run with the phrenic n.

Question 42

the intercostal a. on the anterior thoracic wall are branches of the ______ whereas the posterior intercostal a. are branches off of _________

Answer 42

anterior - internal thoracic a. | posterior - directly off of descending aorta

Question 43

what specific artery supply the respitory tissue itself (lungs and bronchi)

Answer 43

bronchiole aa.

Question 44

lymph from the lungs drains to where ?

Answer 44

- tracheobronchial nodes | - R/L broncheomediastinal trunks

Question 45

What is the anatomical division of the middle mediastinum

Answer 45

``` superior division (separated by sternal angle) inferior division -anterior -middle -posterior ```

Question 46

what is the pericardium

Answer 46

fibrous sac around heart lined with serous membrane

Question 47

the fibrous portion of the pericardium is continuous with what ?

Answer 47

the diaphragm inferiorly

Question 48

the pericardium is pierced by 8 vessels, what are they ?

Answer 48

SVC, IVC, aorta, pulmonary trunk, and 4 pulmonary vv.

Question 49

what is the diff. b/w the pericardial sac, and the pericardial cavity

Answer 49

pericardial sac is the inner membrane layer of the pericardium (both parietal and visceral layers) pericardial cavity is the "potential space" b/w the layers of the pericardial sac (b/w visceral and parietal layers)

Question 50

what is pericardial effusion, and what does it result in

Answer 50

accumulation of excess fluid in pericardial cavity | -leads to compression of the heart and potential congestive heart failure

Question 51

what is hemopericardium, and what does it lead to ?

Answer 51

accumulation of blood in pericardial cavity | -leads to cardiac tamponade which results in compression of heart and great vessels

Question 52

how would one get a hemocardium

Answer 52

penetrating/perforating heart wounds (stabbed)