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Circulatory system Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

what part of the heart pumps for the systemic circuit ?

A

left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood

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2
Q

what part of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmoary circuit

A

right ventricle

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3
Q

where would you find fibrous skeleton connective tissue in the heart

A
  • 4 fibrous rings around valve orifices
  • 2 fibrous trigones connecting the rings
  • membranous portion of IV and IA septums
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4
Q

what are the main layers of the heart from out to in

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium - muscle layer and fibrous skeleton
  • endocardium
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5
Q

what are the 3 individual layers of the endocardium, which is the inner layer of the heart

A
  • endothelial cells (directly next to blood)
  • subendothelial layer
  • subendocardial layer
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6
Q

what layer of the endocardium contains the intrinsic conduction system

A

subendocardial layer

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7
Q

what type of epithelium is the epicardium made up of ?

A

mesothelium (simple squamous) w/a little underlying connective tissue

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8
Q

what are the 4 valves associated w/the heart

A
  • Tricuspid (R atrioventricular valve)
  • Bicuspid or mitral valve (L atrioventricular valve)
  • Aortic Semilunar valve (b/w aorta and L ventricle)
  • Pulmonary semilunar ( b/w pulmonary trunk and R ven.)
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9
Q

what is the function of the valves in the heart

A

enforce one-way flow in response to pressure changes

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10
Q

what wall of the heart is the thickest and why ?

A

Left ventricular wall, b/c thats pumping blood to systemic circuit which has 3x more friction to overcome than pulmonary circuit

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11
Q

what type of tissue are the heart valves made up of ?

A

connective tissue w/overlying endocardium (endothelial cells)

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12
Q

what are the 3 histological layers of the heart valves

A

spongiosa - atria side of valves
fibrosa - fibrous skeleton portion
ventricularis - ventricle side of valve

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13
Q

what histological layer of heart valves is the “shock absorber”

A

spongiosa layer

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14
Q

what type of tissue layer will you find anywhere that is in contact with blood

A

endothelium (simple squamous tissue)

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15
Q

T/F the heart needs input from the nervous system in order to depolarize

A

F - can do so W/O nervous system input via the intrinsic cardiac conduction system

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16
Q

how do the SNS and PNS play a role in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

A

SNS accelerates heart beat

PNS decelerated heart beat

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17
Q

what layer of the heart is the intrinsic conduction system found

A

subencocardial layer (layer of the Endocardium)

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18
Q

cells found where are known as the “pacemaker: cells” why do they get this name ?

A

SA node

-called this b/c they get to threshold the fastest

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19
Q

Explain the pathway of the intrinsic conduction system starting w/depolarization

A 
1 - depolarization at SA node
2 - AV node (delayed .1 s to allow atria to contract)
3 - AV bundle / Bundle of His
4 - R and L bundle branches
5 - Perkinje fibers
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20
Q

what are the 2 cell types in the intrinsic conduction system

A
  • nodal cardiac cells

- purkinje fibers

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21
Q

where would you find nodal cardiac cells in the intrinsic conduction system, and what are some characteristics of them ?

A

SA node, AV node

  • smaller than contractile cells
  • NO intercalated discs
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22
Q

where would you find purkinje fibers in the intrinsic conduction system, and what are their characteristics

Study These Flashcards
A

AV bundle, bundle branches

  • larger than contractile cells
  • intercalated discs
23
Q

what type of cells found in the intrinsic conduction system can be identified histologically ?

Study These Flashcards
A

perkinje cells/fibers (Cant find nodal cells)

  • stain pos. in PAS stain cuz glycogen
  • stain pale in H&E
24
Q

explain the pathway of blood as it moves from different types of vessels starting and ending at heart

Study These Flashcards
A

heart —> arteries —> arterioles —> capillaries —> venules —-> veins —> heart

25
which type of blood vessel would have the most pressure, which has the least pressure
large arteries | large veins
26
There are 3 layers in the walls of blood vessels, what are they ?
tunica interna - tunica media tunica externa/tunica adventitia
27
which layer of the walls of blood vessels is thickest in arteries ? what about veins ?
arteries thickest layer = tunica media | veins thickest layer is = tunica externa or adventitia
28
what are the 3 specific parts of the tunica interna layer of the vessel wall
endothelium basal lamina subendothelial layer
29
where would you find an internal elastic membrane ? | what about an external elastic membrane
internal elastic membrane - outermost part of tunica interna in arteries and arterioles external elastic membrane - outermost part of tunica media in arteries
30
what is the "vasa vasorum" and where can it be found ?
an actual small vessel w/in the wall of a vessel | -in the tunica externa/adventitia layer
31
what is the nervi vascularis and where can it be found
a small nerve w/in the wall of a blood vessel | -in tunica externa/adventitia
32
in cross section what vessel will appear open and which will appear more collapsed
artery - open | vein - collapsed
33
in cross section which type of blood vessel will appear to have a larger lumen
vein will have larger lumen
34
Large arteries are also called _______ ? Why ?
Elastic or conducting arteries | -b/c contain elastic fibers allowing for expand and recoil, also serve as a pressure reserve
35
Medium arteries are also called _____ ? Why ?
Muscular or distributing arteries | -contain lots of smooth muscle responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation
36
how may layers of smooth muscle are present in the tunica media in small arteries vs. arterioles ?
Small a. 3-8 layers | arterioles : 1-2 layers
37
what is the size in mm or um of the 4 types of arteries
Large a - greater than 10 mm medium a - 2-10 mm small a - 0.1-2 mm arterioles - 10 - 100 um
38
what is the best thing to identify when looking at large arteries
elastic lamellae in the tunica media
39
the left ventricle contracts and ejects blood during __________ and relaxes/fills w/blood during ______ ?
``` contract = systole relax = diastole ```
40
elastic arteries will stretch during ventricular ________ and recoil during ventricular ____________ ?
systole and diastole
41
which type of arteries is known to have a very prominent internal and external elastic membranes
medium arteries (muscular or distributing aa.)
42
what type of vessel is the smallest in the human body ? how small are they, and what is their purpose ?
capillaries, 4-10 um | -function in exchange b/w blood and tissues
43
what are the 3 different types of capillaries
1 - continuous capillaries 2 - fenestrated capillaries 3 - discontinuous capillaries
44
where would you find continuos capillaries and what is the distinguishing feature for identification ?
muscle, lung and CNS | -uninterrupted endothelial cell lining w/tight junctions
45
where would you find fenestrated capillaries and what is their distinguishable feature ?
endocrine glands | -oval pores (fenestrations) which allow for transport of larger molecules like hormones
46
where would you find discontinuous capillaries, and what is their main function ?
liver, spleen, and bone marrow - function to exchange larger molecules * ***makes sense cuz have largest diameter and discontinous endothelial lining ****
47
what type of capillaries are referred to as sinusoids ?
discontinuous capillaries
48
what is microcirculation
flow of blood from arterial ----> capillary network ----> venule
49
what are the 3 functional units of a microcirculatory bed or microvascular bed
arteriole, capillary network, postcapillary venule
50
what are the 2 types of vessels in the capillary network, and what is their respective functions
- true capillaries - where exchange occurs | - arteriovenous anastomoses (shunts) - bypass areas
51
what is the size in mm or um of the 4 different types of veins
large veins : greater than 10 mm medium veins : 1-10 mm small veins : 0.1-1 mm venule: 10-100 um
52
what are the 2 types of venules, and what are the specific layers found w/in each
postcapillary venule - only endothelial cells (No tunica media or adventitia) muscular venule - Have endothelial layer, tunica media and tunica adventitia
53
what layer of the wall in veins have one way valves, and why are these nesccesary
tunica interna | -need cuz very low pressure in veins and dont want backflow

Anatomy (35 decks)

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