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Flashcards in Neuro2 Deck (88)
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1
Q

How many neurons are estimated to be in the cortical gray matter?

A

10 Billion

2
Q

What 6 layers make up the cortical gray matter?

A
Molecular
External Granular
External Pyramidal
Internal Granular
Internal Pyramidal
Multiform
3
Q

Name 5 types of important cells in the 6 layers of cortical gray matter.

A
Pyramidal
Stellate
Fusiform
Horizontal cells of Cajal
cells of Martinotti
4
Q

What two directional categories does white matter have in relation to cortical gray matter?

A

Radial fibers - run toward the cortex

Tangential fibers - run parallel to the cortex

5
Q

What is the smallest division of functionally-grouped activity within the cortex?

A

Vertical columns

6
Q

Vertical columns form:

A

Functionally specialized areas

7
Q

Functionally specialized areas of vertical columns are grouped together into anatomically distinct:

A

Lobes or Cortices

8
Q

Lobes/cortices can be further grouped into other connected areas in:

A

Functional circuits

9
Q

Functional circuits can be connected via what 3 pathways?

A
Association fibers      (intra-hemisphere)
Commissural fibers      (contralateral hemisphere)
Projection fibers      (thalamocortical - fibers leave cortex and go ANYwhere other than cortex)
10
Q

What do association fibers connect anatomically?

A

to the same hemisphere

11
Q

What do commissural fibers connect anatomically?

A

to the opposite (contralateral) hemisphere

12
Q

Where do projection fibers originate?

A

The Thalamus

13
Q

Name 5 important functional areas of the cortex.

A
Primary Sensory cortices
Sensory Association cortices 
Motor Planning cortices
Primary Motor cortices
Association cortices
14
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Post-central gyrus

this is the sensory homunculus

15
Q

What does a lesion on the somatosensory cortex cause?

A

Deficit in sensation from the opposite side of the body

hemi-anasthesia contralateral to lesion

16
Q

Where is the somatosensory association complex?

A

Superior parietal lobe and supramarginal gyrus

this identifies the object you are feeling

17
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

Cuneus and Lingual gyri

analyzes visual world without association

18
Q

Where is the visual association cortex?

A

Medial and lateral occipital gyri

Angular gyrus

19
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

The auditory association cortex?

A

Superior Temporal Gyrus/Transverse Temporal gyri

Superior Temporal Gyrus

20
Q

Wernike’s area is a specialized part of what?

function?

A

The auditory association cortex in the superior temporal gyrus.

Spoken language comprehension

21
Q

What do the uncus, piriform cortex, periamygdaloid, and part of parahippocampal gyrus make up?

A

The Primary Olfactory Cortex

22
Q

What is Agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize an object or to interpret sensory stimuli.

23
Q

Name 3 types of Agnosia.

A

Tactile
Visual
Auditory

24
Q

Where does executive function reside?

A

Frontal lobe

specifically: superior, middle frontal gyri, and medial frontal lobe

25
Q

What is meant by Executive Function?

A

refers to all planning (motor, cognitive, emotional)

as well as regulate Affect with sensation

26
Q

What can be termed a negative sign?

A

Loss of function (paralysis)

27
Q

What can be termed a positive sign?

A

Abnormal function (hallucination)

28
Q

What does the Limbic association cortex regulate?

A

Emotions, mood, affect, memory

closely tied to the sense of smell

29
Q

What would a tumor or stroke cause if it was in the limbic system?

A

visual and auditory hallucinations

30
Q

What cortex is involved in sensory integration (including interpretation), problem solving, speech, and spatial processing?

A

Parietotemporal Association Complex

31
Q

What can a lesion of the non-dominant (usually right) Parietotemporal association complex cause?

A

Hemineglect Syndrome on the Left

this won’t effect speech because in most people it is localized in the left hemisphere

32
Q

Where is the Primary Motor Cortex?

A

The precentral gyrus

Motor Homunculus

33
Q

What will a lesion in the primary motor cortex cause?

A

Paresis (weakness/partial paralysis) in the opposite side.

34
Q

Where are the Premotor Cortex and the Frontal Eye Fields?

A

Middle Frontal Gyrus

35
Q

Where is the Supplemental Motor Cortex?

A

Superior Frontal Gyrus

36
Q

Where is Broca’s area and what is its function?

A

Inferior Frontal Gyrus

speech planning

37
Q

What are symptoms of Broca’s Aphasia?

A

Normal comprehension of language, but speech expression is limited

38
Q

Define aphasia:

A

language disorder

39
Q

Define apraxia:

A

disorder of sensory integration causing an inability to plan and perform complex movements

40
Q

What is the inability to carry out spontaneous movement?

A

Akinetic apraxia

41
Q

What is the inability to carry out movement on command (due to inability to remember command)?

A

Amnestic apraxia

42
Q

What is the inability to perform complicated motor tasks called?

A

Motor apraxia

43
Q

What is the inability to demonstrate use of objects called?

A

Ideational apraxia

44
Q

What is the most common Apraxia?

A

Facial apraxia

the inability to perform facial-oral movements on command (like lick lips)

45
Q

What one area is consistently an asymmetry in the brain?

A

Wernicke’s speech area

upper surface temporal lobe

46
Q

What hemisphere is usually dominant/non-dominant?

A

Left usually dominant

47
Q

What are some functions of the dominant hemisphere?

A

Language
Praxia (motor formulation)
Analytical skills (in math)
Sequential processing

48
Q

What are some functions of the non-dominant hemisphere?

A
Prosody     (emotion in voice)
Spatial skills    (analysis, math, orientation)
49
Q

The cells of Martinotti tend to be:

A

Input

50
Q

What is astereognosis?

A

tactile agnosia

inability to identify what is placed in hand without other sensory input

51
Q

What is homonymous hemianopia?

A

Loss of 1/2 of the visual field

usually affects both eyes at midline

52
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

inability to determine what one is seeing

not a deficit in acuity

53
Q

Are conscious location of sounds and auditory agnosia located in different areas?

A

Yes. Agnosia is more anterior

54
Q

Where do (nearly) all the inputs to the cerebrum first synapse?

A

The Thalamus

55
Q

VPL nucleus

Type/Input/Output/Function

A

Sensory relay
Ascending somatosensory pathways from body
Somatosensory cortex
Relays somatosensation of body to cortex

(the homunculus processor)

56
Q

VPM

type/input/output/function

A

Sensory relay
Somatosensory from face/taste (V, VII, IX)
Somatosensory cortex
somatosensation from face/taste to cortex

(VPM island in VPL)

57
Q

VL

type/input/output/function

A

Motor relay
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
Motor, Premotor, Supplemental motor cortices
motor from basal ganglia/cerebellum to cortex

58
Q

VA

type/input/output/function

A

Motor relay
Cerebellum/basal ganglia
Widespread to frontal lobes
motor from basal ganglia/cerebellum to cortex

59
Q

P

type/input/output/function

A

Association
Sensory pathways from Tectum (visual colliculi)
Parietotemporooccipital association cortex
Behavioral orientation to visual stimulus

Pulvinar - think visual association

60
Q

LGN

type/input/output/function

A

Sensory relay
Retina
Primary visual cortex
visual input to cortex

little tonguelike thingy

61
Q

MGN

type/input/output/function

A

Sensory relay
Inferior colliculus
Primary auditory cortex
Auditory information to the cortex

(teeny one on the bottom)

62
Q

MD

type/input/output/function

A

Association
Limbic structures
Frontal cortex
Emotional/memory input to cortex

63
Q

AN

type/input/output/function

A

Association
Limbic and Hippocampus
Cingulate gyrus
relays info from limbic system

64
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the Limbic System?

A

Homeostasis - Hypothalamus
Memory - hippocampus
Emotions - Amygdyla

65
Q

What regulates Homeostasis?

includes sex, behavior, autonomics, and endocrine

A

Hypothalamus

66
Q

What regulates memory in the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus

67
Q

What regulates emotions in the limbic system?

fear/anxiety center

A

Amygdala

68
Q

What does Fornix mean?

A

Arch

69
Q

What is an important pathway that converges cognitive activities, emotional experience, and expression?

A

Circuit of Papez

this is a Fornix circuit

70
Q

Outline the pathway of the Circuit of Papez:

A

Parrahippocampal gyrus > hippocampus > fornix > mammilary bodies (part of hypothalamus) > thalamus > cingulate gyrus > parahippocampal gyrus

71
Q

What does the Stria Terminalis connect?

A

Amygdala and Hypothalamus

72
Q

What connects the Amygdala with the basal ganglia, olfactory cortex, cingulate gyrus, prefontal cortex, hypothalamus, and septal nuclei?

A

Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

73
Q

What structure is a diffuse group of axons that carry info between amygdala, brainstem, and hypothalamus?

A

Medial forebrain bundle

74
Q

Name 7 pathologies that arise when the limbic system is damaged:

A
Memory loss
Olfactory dysfunction
Emotional disturbances
Autonomic and homeostatic dysfunctions
Personality changes
Changes in sexual behaviors and grooming
Seizures
75
Q

Where is the Pituitary housed?

A

Sella Turcica

76
Q

What are the two divisions of the pituitary, and what structure connects it to the Hypothalamus?

A

Anterior/Posterior

Pituitary stalk called the Infundibulum

77
Q

What is the glandular division of the pituitary?

A

Anterior

78
Q

What is the neural tissue division of the pituitary?

A

Posterior

79
Q

Name the 6 hormones secreted/synthesized by the Anterior Pituitary.

A
GH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
PRL
80
Q

What other structure in the brain does the Anterior Pituitary have an endocrine relationship with and how is it connected?

A

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic-Hypophysial portal system

81
Q

Does the Posterior Pituitary make any hormones?

A

No! They just store hormones synthesized by neural tissue.

82
Q

What are 2 hormones secreted by the Posterior Pituitary?

A

Vasopressin (aka - ADH)

Oxytocin

83
Q

Pretty much every hormone in the Anterior Pituitary is mediated/controlled by hormones in the:

A

Hypothalamus

84
Q

What is the most anterior region of the hypothalamus and what does it contain?

A

Preoptic region

contains medial and lateral preoptic nuclei

85
Q

What are the 6 nuclei in the Supraoptic (anterior) region of the hypothalamus?

A
Periventricular nucleus
Paraventricular nuc. 
Anterior nuc.
Suprachiasmatic nuc. 
Supraoptic nuc.
Lateral hypothalamic nuc.
86
Q

What 5 nuclei make up the middle (tuberal) region of the hypothalamus?

A
Periventricular
Arcuate (infundibular)
Dorsomedial
Ventromedial
Lateral hypothalamic
87
Q

What 3 nuclei make up the Posterior (mammilary) region of the Hypothalamus?

A

Posterior nuc.
Mammilary body
Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

88
Q

Name 3 functions of the Hypothalamus:

A

Regulate circadian rhythms
Appetite/thirst
Thermoregulation

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