org chem finals lesson 1

Question 1

The functional group of a carboxylic
acid is a

Answer 1

carboxyl group

Question 2

which can
be represented in any one of three
ways.

Answer 2

carboxyl group,

Question 3

Drop the final -e from the name of the
parent alkane and replace it by -

Answer 3

oic acid

Question 4

To name a dicarboxylic acid,

add the suffix ____ acid to the name of the parent alkane that
contains both carboxyl groups; thus, -____ becomes _____

Answer 4

-dioic, ane , anedioic acid

Question 5

The numbers of the carboxyl carbons are not indicated because –

Answer 5

they can be only at the ends of
the chain.

Question 6

The carboxyl group contains three polar covalent bonds;

Answer 6

C=O, C-O, and O-H

Question 7

is a
measure of the tendency
of a material to change
into the gaseous or vapor
state, and it increases
with temperature.

Answer 7

Vapor pressure

Question 8

have significantly higher boiling points than other types of organic compounds of comparable molecular weight.

Answer 8

Carboxylic acids

Question 9

are more soluble in water than are
alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones of
comparable molecular weight

Answer 9

Carboxylic acids

Question 10

derived from
animal fats, vegetable oils, or phospholipids
of biological membranes.

Answer 10

Long chain carboxylic acids

Question 11

More than___ have been isolated from
various cells and tissues

Answer 11

500

Question 12

Most have between___ and __ carbons in an unbranched chain.

Answer 12

12 and 20

Question 13

the ___ isomer
predominates; ___ isomers are rare.

Answer 13

cis, trans

Question 14

have lower melting points than their saturated counterparts.

Answer 14

Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 15

are solids at room
temperature;

Answer 15

Saturated fatty acids

Question 16

the
interrupt the regular packing of their hydrocarbon
chains.

Answer 16

cis double bonds

Question 17

are sodium or potassium
salts of fatty acids.

Answer 17

Natural soaps

Question 18

They are prepared from a blend of
tallow and palm oils (triglycerides)

Answer 18

soap

Question 19

are triesters of glycerol

Answer 19

Triglycerides

Question 20

are melted with steam and the water insoluble triglyceride layer that forms on the top is removed.

Answer 20

solid fats

Question 21

Preparation of soaps begins by boiling the triglycerides with NaOH. The reaction that
takes place is

Answer 21

saponification (Latin:
saponem, “soap”).

Question 22

In water, soap
molecules
spontaneously
cluster into

Answer 22

micelles,

Question 23

parts are shielded
from the aqueous
environment

Answer 23

hydrophobic

Question 24

parts are in contact
with the aqueous
environment.

Answer 24

hydrophilic

Question 25

When soap is mixed with dirt (grease, oil, and fat stains),

Answer 25

soap micelles “dissolve” these nonpolar, water- insoluble Soaps

Question 26

form water-insoluble salts in hard water

Answer 26

Natural soaps

Question 27

Hard water contains

Answer 27

Ca(II), Mg(II) and Fe(III) ions.

Question 28

predominant species when the pH of the solution is

Answer 28

2.0 or less

Question 29

present in equal concentrations when the pH of the solution is equal to the

Answer 29

pKa of the acid

Question 30

reacts with sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate to form water-soluble sodium salts and carbonic acid.

Answer 30

carboxylic acids

Question 31

Carbonic acid then decomposes to give water and carbon dioxide, which evolves as a

Answer 31

gas

Question 32

is one of the most commonly used preparations of esters.

Answer 32

Fischer esterification

Question 33

It is possible to drive it in either direction by the choice of experimental conditions

Answer 33

(Le Chatelier’s principle).

Question 34

Fischer esterification is

Answer 34

reversible

Question 35

the __adds to the carbonyl group of the carboxylic acid to form a tetrahedral carbonyl addition intermediate

Answer 35

alcohol ,

Question 36

forms mono-, di-, and triphosphoric esters.

Answer 36

Phosphoric acid

Question 37

indicate the presence of the phosphoric ester by either the word "phosphate" or the prefix phospho-

Answer 37

Phosphoric acid

Question 38

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and pyridoxal phosphate are shown as they are ionized at

Answer 38

pH 7.4, the pH of blood plasma.

Question 39

the loss of CO2 from a carboxyl group

Answer 39

Decarboxylation

Question 40

The mechanism of thermal decarboxylation

Answer 40

(1) redistribution of electrons in a cyclic transition state, (2) followed by keto- enol tautomerism

Question 41

are rapidly interconverted constitutional isomers, usually distinguished by a different bonding location for a labile hydrogen atom and a differently located double bond.

Answer 41

Tautomers

Question 42

The ____ form has a C–H, C–C, and C=O. bond whereas the enol has a C=C, C–O an O–H bond

Answer 42

keto,

Question 43

occurs during the oxidation of foodstuffs in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

Answer 43

b-ketoacid in biochemistry

Question 44

one of the intermediates in this cycle, has a carbonyl group (in this case a ketone) b to one of its three carboxyl groups

Answer 44

Oxalosuccinic acid,

Question 45

also known as partially hydrogenated oils are created by addiing hydrogen to liquid vegetable

Answer 45

trans fat

Question 46

pick up excess cholesterol and transpport it back to the body'es liver for processing

Answer 46

high density lipoproteins

Question 47

this process makes the fat more solid, lengthens its shell

Answer 47

trans fat

Question 48

transport vholesterol throughout the body

Answer 48

low density lipoproteins