Section 15

Question 1

What are the common causes of altered mental status in emergency care?

Answer 1

Hypoxia, hypoglycemia, stroke, infection, and intoxication.

Question 2

How is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) used in neurological emergencies?

Answer 2

It assesses eye response, verbal response, and motor response to measure consciousness level.

Question 3

What is the emergency management for status epilepticus?

Answer 3

Airway protection, IV benzodiazepines, and anticonvulsants.

Question 4

What are the clinical signs of a stroke?

Answer 4

Facial droop, arm weakness, speech difficulty, and sudden confusion.

Question 5

How is acute ischemic stroke managed in emergency care?

Answer 5

Administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) within 4.5 hours of symptom onset.

Question 6

What is the difference between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 6

Ischemic stroke is caused by a clot; hemorrhagic stroke is due to bleeding in the brain.

Question 7

What is the purpose of a CT scan in stroke assessment?

Answer 7

To differentiate between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.

Question 8

What are the symptoms of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Answer 8

Sudden severe headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, and altered mental status.

Question 9

How is subarachnoid hemorrhage managed in emergency care?

Answer 9

Blood pressure control, pain management, and neurosurgical consultation.

Question 10

What is the primary emergency intervention for spinal cord injury?

Answer 10

Immobilization, airway protection, and prevention of secondary injury.

Question 11

How is meningitis identified in emergency care?

Answer 11

Fever, headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia.

Question 12

What is the emergency management for bacterial meningitis?

Answer 12

Immediate administration of antibiotics and corticosteroids.

Question 13

What are the clinical signs of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

Answer 13

Progressive muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, and respiratory difficulty.

Question 14

How is Guillain-Barré Syndrome managed in emergency settings?

Answer 14

Supportive care, monitoring for respiratory failure, and immunoglobulin therapy.

Question 15

What are the common causes of headaches in emergency medicine?

Answer 15

Migraine, tension-type headaches, cluster headaches, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Question 16

How are migraines managed in emergency settings?

Answer 16

Analgesics, antiemetics, and sometimes triptans.

Question 17

What is the emergency intervention for traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

Answer 17

Stabilize the cervical spine, control bleeding, and manage intracranial pressure.

Question 18

What are the signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

Answer 18

Headache, vomiting, altered mental status, and papilledema.

Question 19

How is increased intracranial pressure managed in emergency care?

Answer 19

Elevate the head, administer hyperosmolar therapy, and monitor vitals.

Question 20

What are the symptoms of Bell’s Palsy?

Answer 20

Sudden facial paralysis, inability to close the eye, and drooping mouth.

Question 21

How is Bell’s Palsy managed in emergency settings?

Answer 21

Corticosteroids, eye protection, and antiviral therapy if indicated.

Question 22

What are the signs of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

Answer 22

Temporary weakness, vision changes, speech difficulties, and loss of coordination.

Question 23

How is a TIA managed in emergency care?

Answer 23

Blood pressure control, antiplatelet therapy, and risk factor modification.

Question 24

What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) during an acute flare?

Answer 24

Vision loss, limb weakness, numbness, and coordination difficulties.

Question 25

What is the emergency treatment for acute MS exacerbation?

Answer 25

High-dose corticosteroids and supportive care.

Question 26

What are the signs of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in emergency situations?

Answer 26

Progressive muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, and swallowing issues.

Question 27

How is ALS managed during respiratory distress?

Answer 27

Airway support, non-invasive ventilation, and supportive care.

Question 28

What are the common causes of vertigo in emergency care?

Answer 28

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis, and Meniere's disease.

Question 29

How is acute vertigo managed in emergency settings?

Answer 29

Antiemetics, antihistamines, and sometimes vestibular rehabilitation exercises.

Question 30

What is the role of lumbar puncture in neurological emergencies?

Answer 30

To diagnose infections like meningitis and measure cerebrospinal fluid pressure.

Question 31

What are the symptoms of encephalitis?

Answer 31

Fever, headache, altered mental status, and seizures.

Question 32

How is encephalitis managed in emergency care?

Answer 32

Antiviral therapy, corticosteroids, and supportive care.

Question 33

What are the clinical signs of brain abscess?

Answer 33

Headache, fever, focal neurological deficits, and altered mental status.

Question 34

How is a brain abscess managed in emergency settings?

Answer 34

Antibiotic therapy, drainage if needed, and neurosurgical consultation.

Question 35

What is the emergency management for seizures in pregnant women?

Answer 35

Magnesium sulfate for eclampsia, airway protection, and anticonvulsant therapy.

Question 36

What are the symptoms of myasthenic crisis?

Answer 36

Severe muscle weakness, respiratory distress, and bulbar symptoms.

Question 37

How is myasthenic crisis managed in emergency care?

Answer 37

Airway support, IV immunoglobulins, and plasmapheresis.

Question 38

What are the clinical features of Horner's syndrome?

Answer 38

Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis.

Question 39

What are the symptoms of neurogenic shock?

Answer 39

Hypotension, bradycardia, and warm, dry skin.

Question 40

How is neurogenic shock managed in emergency care?

Answer 40

Fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, and spinal immobilization.