Section 26

Question 1

What are the primary types of environmental emergencies?

Answer 1

Heat-related illnesses, cold exposure, drowning, electrical injuries, and bites or stings.

Question 2

How is heat exhaustion different from heat stroke?

Answer 2

Heat exhaustion is marked by heavy sweating and weakness, while heat stroke includes altered mental status and body temperature >40°C.

Question 3

What is the emergency treatment for heat stroke?

Answer 3

Immediate cooling, hydration, and monitoring for organ damage.

Question 4

How is hypothermia managed in emergency settings?

Answer 4

Gradual rewarming, removal of wet clothing, and monitoring for arrhythmias.

Question 5

What are the stages of hypothermia?

Answer 5

What are the stages of hypothermia?

Question 6

How is frostbite treated in emergency care?

Answer 6

Gradual rewarming in warm water, pain management, and avoiding refreezing.

Question 7

What is the emergency protocol for drowning?

Answer 7

Immediate rescue, CPR if necessary, and assessment of hypoxia and aspiration.

Question 8

What are the key concerns in electrical injuries?

Answer 8

Cardiac arrhythmias, deep tissue burns, and neurological damage.

Question 9

How are burns classified?

Answer 9

First-degree (superficial), second-degree (partial thickness), and third-degree (full thickness).

Question 10

What is the rule of nines in burn assessment?

Answer 10

A method to estimate total body surface area affected by burns.

Question 11

How is smoke inhalation managed in emergency settings?

Answer 11

Airway assessment, oxygen therapy, and monitoring for carbon monoxide poisoning.

Question 12

What is the first step in managing snake bites?

Answer 12

Immobilization of the affected limb and urgent medical attention.

Question 13

How is anaphylaxis from insect stings treated?

Answer 13

Administration of intramuscular epinephrine, airway management, and antihistamines.

Question 14

What are the symptoms of decompression sickness?

Answer 14

Joint pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, and neurologic deficits after diving.

Question 15

How is decompression sickness managed in emergency care?

Answer 15

High-flow oxygen, fluid resuscitation, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Question 16

What are the risks of altitude sickness?

Answer 16

Acute mountain sickness, high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE).

Question 17

How is altitude sickness treated?

Answer 17

Descent to a lower altitude, oxygen supplementation, and medications like acetazolamide.

Question 18

What is the emergency management of lightning injuries?

Answer 18

Cardiac monitoring, CPR if needed, and assessment for neurological injury.

Question 19

How are jellyfish stings treated in emergency settings?

Answer 19

Rinse with vinegar or seawater, avoid fresh water, and provide pain relief.

Question 20

What are the complications of severe hypothermia?

Answer 20

Cardiac arrhythmias, coagulopathy, and altered mental status.

Question 21

What is trench foot, and how is it managed?

Answer 21

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to wet, cold conditions; managed by drying, rewarming, and preventing further exposure.

Question 22

How are tick bites managed in emergency care?

Answer 22

Careful removal of the tick, monitoring for symptoms, and considering prophylactic antibiotics.

Question 23

What are the signs of marine envenomation?

Answer 23

Severe pain, muscle cramps, nausea, and sometimes paralysis.

Question 24

How is marine envenomation treated?

Answer 24

Vinegar rinsing, hot water immersion, and antivenom if indicated.

Question 25

What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

Answer 25

Headache, dizziness, confusion, and cherry-red skin coloration.

Question 26

How is carbon monoxide poisoning treated in emergency care?

Answer 26

High-flow oxygen therapy and, in severe cases, hyperbaric oxygen.

Question 27

What is the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in emergency medicine?

Answer 27

To treat conditions like carbon monoxide poisoning, decompression sickness, and severe infections.

Question 28

How is hypoglycemia managed in outdoor environmental emergencies?

Answer 28

Rapid administration of glucose, monitoring, and continued carbohydrate intake.

Question 29

What are the main risks associated with flash floods?

Answer 29

Drowning, traumatic injuries, and hypothermia.

Question 30

How is avalanche rescue managed in emergency care?

Answer 30

Rapid search, airway management, and treatment of hypothermia.

Question 31

What is the significance of secondary drowning?

Answer 31

Delayed respiratory distress after submersion incidents, requiring immediate medical evaluation.

Question 32

How is chemical exposure managed in environmental emergencies?

Answer 32

Immediate decontamination, airway management, and supportive care.

Question 33

What are the primary dangers of volcanic ash exposure?

Answer 33

Respiratory distress, eye irritation, and skin abrasion.

Question 34

How is hypoxia identified in high-altitude emergencies?

Answer 34

Shortness of breath, confusion, cyanosis, and rapid breathing.

Question 35

What is cold-induced diuresis, and why does it happen?

Answer 35

Increased urine production during cold exposure due to blood vessel constriction.

Question 36

How are sandstorm-related injuries managed?

Answer 36

Eye protection, hydration, and respiratory support if necessary.

Question 37

What is the emergency response for oil spills affecting populations?

Answer 37

Decontamination, respiratory support, and environmental containment measures.

Question 38

How is wildlife attack trauma managed in emergency settings?

Answer 38

Hemorrhage control, wound care, and infection prevention.

Question 39

What is heat syncope, and how is it managed?

Answer 39

Fainting caused by heat exposure, managed with rest, cooling, and hydration.

Question 40

How is sunburn treated in emergency care?

Answer 40

Cooling, hydration, pain management, and topical treatments for burns.