Section 6

Question 1

What are the primary symptoms of acute respiratory distress?

Answer 1

Shortness of breath, tachypnea, cyanosis, and use of accessory muscles.

Question 2

What is the initial assessment for respiratory emergencies?

Answer 2

ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) assessment and vital signs monitoring.

Question 3

What imaging is commonly used to diagnose respiratory emergencies?

Answer 3

Chest X-ray and CT scan.

Question 4

What is the management of acute asthma exacerbation?

Answer 4

Inhaled bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and monitoring.

Question 5

What is the role of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in asthma?

Answer 5

To assess the severity of airflow obstruction.

Question 6

How is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) managed in an emergency?

Answer 6

Oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and sometimes non-invasive ventilation.

Question 7

What are the signs of tension pneumothorax?

Answer 7

Chest pain, severe shortness of breath, tracheal deviation, and absent breath sounds on one side.

Question 8

What is the emergency treatment for tension pneumothorax?

Answer 8

Needle decompression followed by chest tube insertion.

Question 9

How is pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosed in emergency settings?

Answer 9

Clinical evaluation, D-dimer testing, and CT pulmonary angiography.

Question 10

What is the first-line management of pulmonary embolism?

Answer 10

Anticoagulation with heparin or direct oral anticoagulants.

Question 11

What are the clinical features of pneumonia?

Answer 11

Fever, cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic chest pain.

Question 12

How is pneumonia managed in emergency care?

Answer 12

Oxygen, antibiotics, and supportive care.

Question 13

What is the role of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in respiratory failure?

Answer 13

To support breathing in conditions like COPD exacerbations and acute pulmonary edema.

Question 14

What are the symptoms of pulmonary edema?

Answer 14

Shortness of breath, pink frothy sputum, crackles on auscultation.

Question 15

How is acute pulmonary edema managed?

Answer 15

Oxygen therapy, diuretics, and vasodilators.

Question 16

What are the key differences between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 16

Obstructive: airflow limitation (e.g., asthma, COPD); Restrictive: reduced lung expansion (e.g., fibrosis).

Question 17

What is the purpose of chest physiotherapy in respiratory care?

Answer 17

To clear airway secretions and improve lung function.

Question 18

What are the emergency interventions for acute epiglottitis?

Answer 18

Airway management, oxygen, antibiotics, and possible intubation.

Question 19

What is the role of pulse oximetry in emergency respiratory assessment?

Answer 19

To measure oxygen saturation levels in the blood.

Question 20

What are the signs of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

Answer 20

Severe shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and low oxygen levels despite oxygen therapy.

Question 21

How is ARDS managed in the emergency setting?

Answer 21

Mechanical ventilation with low tidal volume and high PEEP.

Question 22

What are the complications of mechanical ventilation?

Answer 22

Barotrauma, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and decreased cardiac output.

Question 23

What is the purpose of a pleural tap (thoracentesis)?

Answer 23

To remove fluid from the pleural space for relief and diagnosis.

Question 24

What is the typical presentation of a pneumothorax?

Answer 24

Sudden chest pain, shortness of breath, and decreased breath sounds.

Question 25

How is a pleural effusion identified in emergency care?

Answer 25

Dullness to percussion, decreased breath sounds, and confirmed with imaging.

Question 26

What is the emergency management of bronchiolitis?

Answer 26

Supportive care, oxygen therapy, and monitoring of respiratory effort.

Question 27

How is respiratory acidosis treated in emergency settings?

Answer 27

Correcting underlying causes, improving ventilation, and possibly mechanical ventilation.

Question 28

What are the clinical signs of hypercapnia?

Answer 28

Confusion, headache, flushed skin, and lethargy.

Question 29

What is the role of BiPAP in respiratory distress?

Answer 29

To support ventilation by providing positive airway pressure during inspiration and expiration.

Question 30

How is a flail chest managed in emergency care?

Answer 30

Pain control, mechanical ventilation if severe, and stabilization of chest wall.

Question 31

What is the purpose of humidified oxygen in respiratory emergencies?

Answer 31

To prevent airway dryness and improve mucociliary function.

Question 32

What are the primary causes of hemoptysis?

Answer 32

Tuberculosis, lung cancer, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary embolism.

Question 33

How is acute bronchospasm managed?

Answer 33

Inhaled bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and supportive care.

Question 34

What is the significance of the V/Q (Ventilation/Perfusion) ratio?

Answer 34

It indicates the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs.

Question 35

How is croup managed in emergency settings?

Answer 35

Nebulized epinephrine, corticosteroids, and supportive care.

Question 36

What is the role of spirometry in assessing respiratory conditions?

Answer 36

To measure lung function and airflow limitations.

Question 37

How is smoke inhalation injury treated in emergency care?

Answer 37

Oxygen therapy, airway management, and monitoring for carbon monoxide poisoning.

Question 38

What are the common signs of pleurisy?

Answer 38

Sharp chest pain worsened by breathing or coughing, and pleural friction rub.

Question 39

How is foreign body aspiration managed in emergency care?

Answer 39

Airway clearance techniques, bronchoscopy if necessary.

Question 40

What is the role of magnesium sulfate in severe asthma exacerbation?

Answer 40

It acts as a bronchodilator to relieve airway constriction.