Section 8

Question 1

What are the primary signs of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Answer 1

Hyperglycemia, acidosis, ketonuria, dehydration, and altered mental status.

Question 2

How is DKA managed in emergency settings?

Answer 2

IV fluids, insulin therapy, electrolyte monitoring, and addressing the underlying cause.

Question 3

What is the difference between DKA and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?

Answer 3

DKA involves ketoacidosis and is seen in Type 1 diabetes, while HHS is hyperglycemia without ketosis, often in Type 2 diabetes.

Question 4

What are the symptoms of thyroid storm?

Answer 4

Fever, tachycardia, hypertension, altered mental status, and heart failure.

Question 5

How is thyroid storm managed in emergency care?

Answer 5

Beta-blockers, antithyroid medications, cooling, and supportive care.

Question 6

What are the primary symptoms of myxedema coma?

Answer 6

Hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension, and altered mental status.

Question 7

How is myxedema coma managed in emergency settings?

Answer 7

IV thyroid hormone replacement, warming, and supportive care.

Question 8

What are the clinical features of adrenal crisis?

Answer 8

Hypotension, shock, confusion, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain.

Question 9

How is adrenal crisis managed in emergency settings?

Answer 9

IV hydrocortisone, fluid resuscitation, and electrolyte monitoring.

Question 10

What is the role of calcium gluconate in hyperkalemia?

Answer 10

To stabilize the cardiac membrane and prevent arrhythmias.

Question 11

What are the emergency treatments for hyperkalemia?

Answer 11

Calcium gluconate, insulin with glucose, sodium bicarbonate, and loop diuretics.

Question 12

How is hypoglycemia managed in emergency care?

Answer 12

Immediate administration of glucose (oral if conscious, IV if unconscious).

Question 13

What are the signs of severe hyponatremia?

Answer 13

Confusion, seizures, lethargy, and coma.

Question 14

How is hyponatremia corrected in emergency settings?

Answer 14

Slow correction with hypertonic saline if severe, and addressing the underlying cause.

Question 15

What is the emergency management for hypercalcemia?

Answer 15

IV fluids, bisphosphonates, and calcitonin.

Question 16

What are the symptoms of acute adrenal insufficiency?

Answer 16

Severe hypotension, shock, and abdominal pain.

Question 17

How is acute adrenal insufficiency treated in emergencies?

Answer 17

IV hydrocortisone, fluid resuscitation, and electrolyte replacement.

Question 18

What is the significance of cortisol in adrenal emergencies?

Answer 18

It helps maintain blood pressure, regulate metabolism, and reduce inflammation.

Question 19

What is the treatment for acute hypocalcemia?

Answer 19

IV calcium gluconate and magnesium if deficiency is suspected.

Question 20

How is acute hyperthyroidism managed in the emergency department?

Answer 20

Beta-blockers, antithyroid medications, and supportive care.

Question 21

What is the role of insulin in the management of hyperglycemia?

Answer 21

To lower blood glucose levels by enhancing cellular uptake.

Question 22

What are the signs of acute hypoglycemia?

Answer 22

Sweating, confusion, tremors, palpitations, and blurred vision.

Question 23

How is acute Addisonian crisis recognized?

Answer 23

Severe hypotension, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.

Question 24

What is the emergency intervention for Addisonian crisis?

Answer 24

IV hydrocortisone and aggressive fluid resuscitation.

Question 25

What are the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 25

Central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, and hypertension.

Question 26

How is severe hyperthyroidism (thyroid storm) identified?

Answer 26

Fever, tachycardia, mental status changes, and high blood pressure.

Question 27

What is the purpose of sodium bicarbonate in metabolic acidosis?

Answer 27

To buffer excess acid and normalize blood pH levels.

Question 28

What are the symptoms of severe hypernatremia?

Answer 28

Thirst, restlessness, dry mucous membranes, and seizures.

Question 29

How is hypokalemia managed in emergency settings?

Answer 29

Potassium replacement orally or intravenously if severe.

Question 30

What are the key differences between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency?

Answer 30

Primary affects adrenal gland function directly; secondary is due to pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction.

Question 31

What is the emergency management of lactic acidosis?

Answer 31

Treat the underlying cause, fluid resuscitation, and correct acidosis.

Question 32

How is diabetic foot infection managed in emergency care?

Answer 32

Debridement, antibiotics, and sometimes surgical intervention.

Question 33

What are the primary signs of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 33

Hypoventilation, confusion, and muscle twitching.

Question 34

What is the role of magnesium in metabolic emergencies?

Answer 34

It is critical for cellular function and preventing cardiac arrhythmias.

Question 35

How is pheochromocytoma crisis identified?

Answer 35

Severe hypertension, palpitations, headache, and sweating.

Question 36

What is the emergency treatment for pheochromocytoma?

Answer 36

Alpha-blockers, beta-blockers, and blood pressure stabilization.

Question 37

What are the clinical features of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 37

Hypocalcemia, tetany, muscle cramps, and seizures.

Question 38

How is hyperparathyroidism managed in emergency care?

Answer 38

IV fluids, bisphosphonates, and calcitonin.

Question 39

What is the purpose of desmopressin in diabetes insipidus?

Answer 39

To reduce urine output and control dehydration.

Question 40

How is severe dehydration managed in emergency settings?

Answer 40

IV fluids, electrolyte replacement, and monitoring.