Section 17

Question 1

What is the primary assessment for a patient with suspected poisoning?

Answer 1

Airway, Breathing, Circulation (ABC), neurological status, and exposure history.

Question 2

How is the severity of poisoning evaluated?

Answer 2

Based on clinical presentation, toxic substance, amount ingested, and time since exposure.

Question 3

What are the common routes of toxic exposure?

Answer 3

Ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, and injection.

Question 4

What is the purpose of gastric lavage in toxicology?

Answer 4

To remove ingested toxins from the stomach if performed within one hour of ingestion.

Question 5

How is activated charcoal used in poisoning cases?

Answer 5

It adsorbs toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent absorption.

Question 6

What are contraindications for activated charcoal?

Answer 6

Airway compromise, ingestion of caustics or hydrocarbons, and risk of aspiration.

Question 7

What is the role of whole-bowel irrigation in toxicology?

Answer 7

To flush out ingested substances from the gastrointestinal tract, especially for sustained-release or enteric-coated tablets.

Question 8

What are the symptoms of opioid overdose?

Answer 8

Respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, and altered mental status.

Question 9

How is opioid overdose managed?

Answer 9

Administration of naloxone, airway support, and monitoring for recurrence.

Question 10

What are the clinical features of benzodiazepine overdose?

Answer 10

CNS depression, respiratory depression, hypotension, and ataxia.

Question 11

How is benzodiazepine overdose treated in emergency settings?

Answer 11

Supportive care, flumazenil administration if indicated, and airway protection.

Question 12

What are the symptoms of organophosphate poisoning?

Answer 12

Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, gastrointestinal distress, and emesis (SLUDGE syndrome).

Question 13

What is the antidote for organophosphate poisoning?

Answer 13

Atropine and pralidoxime (2-PAM).

Question 14

How is carbon monoxide poisoning identified?

Answer 14

Headache, dizziness, confusion, and cherry-red skin color.

Question 15

What is the emergency management for carbon monoxide poisoning?

Answer 15

Administration of 100% oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen therapy if severe.

Question 16

What are the symptoms of cyanide poisoning?

Answer 16

Altered mental status, seizures, hypotension, and metabolic acidosis.

Question 17

What is the antidote for cyanide poisoning?

Answer 17

Hydroxocobalamin or sodium thiosulfate.

Question 18

What are the clinical features of methanol poisoning?

Answer 18

Visual disturbances, metabolic acidosis, and CNS depression.

Question 19

How is methanol poisoning managed?

Answer 19

Administration of fomepizole or ethanol, and hemodialysis if severe.

Question 20

What are the symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning?

Answer 20

Metabolic acidosis, renal failure, and CNS depression.

Question 21

What is the emergency treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning?

Answer 21

Fomepizole or ethanol therapy and hemodialysis if necessary.

Question 22

What are the symptoms of iron toxicity?

Answer 22

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, metabolic acidosis, and shock.

Question 23

How is iron toxicity managed in emergency settings?

Answer 23

Deferoxamine administration and supportive care.

Question 24

What are the signs of aspirin (salicylate) overdose?

Answer 24

Tinnitus, hyperventilation, metabolic acidosis, and altered mental status.

Question 25

How is aspirin overdose managed?

Answer 25

Activated charcoal, sodium bicarbonate for alkalinization, and possible hemodialysis.

Question 26

What are the symptoms of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose?

Answer 26

Nausea, vomiting, liver damage, and right upper quadrant pain.

Question 27

What is the antidote for paracetamol overdose?

Answer 27

N-acetylcysteine (NAC).

Question 28

What are the clinical signs of tricyclic antidepressant overdose?

Answer 28

Cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, altered mental status, and anticholinergic effects.

Question 29

How is tricyclic antidepressant overdose managed?

Answer 29

Sodium bicarbonate for cardiac toxicity and supportive care.

Question 30

What are the symptoms of beta-blocker overdose?

Answer 30

Bradycardia, hypotension, and heart block.

Question 31

What is the antidote for beta-blocker toxicity?

Answer 31

Glucagon and supportive measures.

Question 32

What are the signs of calcium channel blocker overdose?

Answer 32

Hypotension, bradycardia, and hyperglycemia.

Question 33

How is calcium channel blocker overdose managed?

Answer 33

Calcium gluconate, high-dose insulin therapy, and vasopressors.

Question 34

What are the symptoms of digoxin toxicity?

Answer 34

Nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, and cardiac arrhythmias.

Question 35

What is the antidote for digoxin toxicity?

Answer 35

Digoxin-specific antibody fragments (Digibind).

Question 36

How is alcohol withdrawal managed in emergency settings?

Answer 36

Benzodiazepines for seizure prevention, thiamine, and supportive care.

Question 37

What are the signs of serotonin syndrome?

Answer 37

Hyperthermia, agitation, hyperreflexia, and myoclonus.

Question 38

How is serotonin syndrome managed?

Answer 38

Supportive care, benzodiazepines, and sometimes cyproheptadine.

Question 39

What are the symptoms of pesticide poisoning?

Answer 39

Headache, dizziness, respiratory distress, and muscle weakness.

Question 40

How is pesticide poisoning managed in emergency care?

Answer 40

Decontamination, atropine, and supportive care.