Section 18

Question 1

What are the primary concerns in managing environmental emergencies?

Answer 1

Preventing hypothermia, hyperthermia, and managing exposure-related injuries.

Question 2

How is hypothermia classified?

Answer 2

Mild (32–35°C), Moderate (28–32°C), and Severe (<28°C).

Question 3

What is the emergency management for hypothermia?

Answer 3

Gradual rewarming, airway protection, and monitoring for arrhythmias.

Question 4

What are the signs of frostbite?

Answer 4

Numbness, pale or waxy skin, and hard, cold tissues.

Question 5

How is frostbite managed in emergency settings?

Answer 5

Rapid rewarming in warm water, pain control, and avoiding friction.

Question 6

What is the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke?

Answer 6

Heat exhaustion involves dehydration and fatigue; heat stroke is a medical emergency with CNS dysfunction and organ failure.

Question 7

How is heat stroke managed in emergency care?

Answer 7

Rapid cooling, IV fluids, and monitoring for organ damage.

Question 8

What are the clinical signs of drowning?

Answer 8

Respiratory distress, hypoxia, and potential cardiac arrest.

Question 9

What is the initial management for drowning victims?

Answer 9

Airway protection, ventilation support, and rewarming if hypothermic.

Question 10

What are the symptoms of high-altitude sickness?

Answer 10

Headache, dizziness, nausea, and shortness of breath.

Question 11

How is high-altitude sickness managed in emergency care?

Answer 11

Descent to lower altitude, oxygen therapy, and acetazolamide if needed.

Question 12

What are the signs of decompression sickness?

Answer 12

Joint pain, dizziness, fatigue, and sometimes paralysis.

Question 13

How is decompression sickness treated?

Answer 13

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and supportive care.

Question 14

What are the common symptoms of snakebite envenomation?

Answer 14

Localized pain, swelling, bruising, and sometimes systemic effects like hypotension.

Question 15

How is snakebite managed in emergency settings?

Answer 15

Immobilization, antivenom administration, and monitoring for systemic toxicity.

Question 16

What are the clinical signs of spider bites?

Answer 16

Redness, pain, swelling, and sometimes necrosis or systemic symptoms.

Question 17

How are spider bites treated in emergency care?

Answer 17

Wound cleaning, pain control, and antivenom for specific species.

Question 18

What is the initial response to chemical burns?

Answer 18

Immediate irrigation with water, removal of contaminated clothing, and supportive care.

Question 19

How is electrical burn injury managed in emergency care?

Answer 19

Cardiac monitoring, fluid resuscitation, and assessment for deep tissue damage.

Question 20

What are the primary concerns with lightning strike injuries?

Answer 20

Cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, and neurological damage.

Question 21

How is near-drowning different from drowning?

Answer 21

Near-drowning refers to survival after submersion; drowning results in death.

Question 22

What is dry drowning and how does it occur?

Answer 22

Laryngospasm causes airway closure without water entering the lungs, leading to asphyxiation.

Question 23

How is anaphylaxis from insect stings managed?

Answer 23

IM epinephrine, antihistamines, corticosteroids, and airway protection.

Question 24

What are the symptoms of tick paralysis?

Answer 24

Progressive weakness, ataxia, and respiratory failure if untreated.

Question 25

How is tick paralysis managed?

Answer 25

Immediate removal of the tick and supportive care.

Question 26

What is the primary concern with jellyfish stings?

Answer 26

Localized pain, allergic reactions, and possible anaphylaxis.

Question 27

How are jellyfish stings managed in emergency care?

Answer 27

Rinse with vinegar, remove tentacles, and apply heat to reduce pain.

Question 28

What is the emergency intervention for bee or wasp stings?

Answer 28

Remove the stinger, apply ice, and monitor for allergic reactions.

Question 29

What are the clinical signs of marine envenomation?

Answer 29

Severe pain, swelling, tissue damage, and potential systemic toxicity.

Question 30

How is marine envenomation treated?

Answer 30

Hot water immersion, pain management, and antivenom if available.

Question 31

What are the symptoms of trench foot?

Answer 31

Swelling, numbness, and tissue damage from prolonged exposure to wet conditions.

Question 32

How is trench foot managed?

Answer 32

Drying the feet, gentle rewarming, and wound care if needed.

Question 33

What are the primary concerns with exposure to cold water?

Answer 33

Hypothermia, drowning risk, and frostbite.

Question 34

How is altitude sickness prevented?

Answer 34

Gradual ascent, hydration, and prophylactic medications.

Question 35

What are the dangers of hyperthermia in athletes?

Answer 35

Heat stroke, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance.

Question 36

How is hyperthermia in athletes managed?

Answer 36

Immediate cooling, fluid replacement, and monitoring for organ damage.

Question 37

What is heat syncope and its cause?

Answer 37

Fainting due to dehydration and vasodilation in high temperatures.

Question 38

How is heat syncope managed in emergency settings?

Answer 38

Rest, hydration, and moving to a cool environment.

Question 39

What are the dangers of carbon monoxide exposure in enclosed spaces?

Answer 39

Hypoxia, confusion, and potentially fatal poisoning.

Question 40

How is carbon monoxide poisoning prevented?

Answer 40

Proper ventilation, CO detectors, and avoiding enclosed burning sources.