Section 2

Question 1

What are the key principles of critical care in emergency medicine?

Answer 1

Immediate stabilization, monitoring of vital signs, airway management, and prevention of further deterioration.

Question 2

What is the primary objective in the management of sepsis?

Answer 2

Early recognition and rapid initiation of antibiotics and fluid resuscitation.

Question 3

What is the role of mechanical ventilation in critical care?

Answer 3

To support or replace spontaneous breathing in patients with respiratory failure.

Question 4

How is shock classified in critical care?

Answer 4

Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Distributive, and Obstructive.

Question 5

What is the recommended initial fluid for resuscitation in shock?

Answer 5

Crystalloid solutions like Normal Saline or Lactated Ringer’s.

Question 6

What are the main goals of fluid resuscitation in shock?

Answer 6

To restore circulating volume, maintain blood pressure, and improve tissue perfusion.

Question 7

What is the target MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) in managing shock?

Answer 7

> 65 mmHg.

Question 8

When is vasopressor therapy indicated in shock?

Answer 8

When fluid resuscitation fails to restore adequate blood pressure and perfusion.

Question 9

What is the primary vasopressor used in critical care for shock?

Answer 9

Norepinephrine.

Question 10

What is ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)?

Answer 10

A life-threatening condition where fluid leaks into the lungs, causing severe respiratory distress.

Question 11

What is the recommended tidal volume for mechanical ventilation in ARDS?

Answer 11

6 mL/kg of predicted body weight.

Question 12

What is the purpose of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in ventilated patients?

Answer 12

To prevent alveolar collapse and improve oxygenation.

Question 13

What is the significance of lactate levels in critical care?

Answer 13

Elevated lactate levels may indicate tissue hypoxia and metabolic stress.

Question 14

How is cardiac output monitored in critical care?

Answer 14

Using invasive monitoring (e.g., pulmonary artery catheter) or non-invasive methods (e.g., echocardiography).

Question 15

What are the primary complications of mechanical ventilation?

Answer 15

Barotrauma, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and decreased cardiac output.

Question 16

What is the purpose of sedation in critical care?

Answer 16

To reduce pain, anxiety, and discomfort during mechanical ventilation and invasive procedures.

Question 17

What are the indications for intubation in critical care?

Answer 17

Airway protection, respiratory failure, and decreased consciousness.

Question 18

What is the role of blood transfusion in critical care?

Answer 18

To restore oxygen-carrying capacity and volume in patients with severe anemia or hemorrhage.

Question 19

What are the signs of impending respiratory failure?

Answer 19

Tachypnea, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and altered mental status.

Question 20

How is delirium managed in critical care?

Answer 20

Through supportive care, minimizing sedatives, and maintaining sleep-wake cycles.

Question 21

What is the main purpose of therapeutic hypothermia in critical care?

Answer 21

To reduce brain injury following cardiac arrest.

Question 22

What is ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation)?

Answer 22

A life-support technique for patients with severe heart or lung failure.

Question 23

How are electrolyte imbalances managed in critical care?

Answer 23

By monitoring serum levels and administering supplements or adjustments as needed.

Question 24

What is the role of diuretics in critical care?

Answer 24

To reduce fluid overload and manage heart failure or pulmonary edema.

Question 25

How is acute kidney injury (AKI) managed in critical care?

Answer 25

Through fluid management, monitoring electrolytes, and possibly dialysis.

Question 26

What is the purpose of prone positioning in ARDS patients?

Answer 26

To improve oxygenation by redistributing blood flow in the lungs.

Question 27

What are the indicators for central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring?

Answer 27

To assess right ventricular function and fluid status.

Question 28

What is the purpose of blood gas analysis in critical care?

Answer 28

To evaluate oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base status.

Question 29

What is neuroprotection and when is it used in critical care?

Answer 29

Strategies to prevent brain injury during stroke or traumatic brain injury.

Question 30

What is the purpose of suctioning in ventilated patients?

Answer 30

To clear airway secretions and prevent blockages.

Question 31

What are the clinical indications for non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in critical care?

Answer 31

COPD exacerbation, acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and hypoxemic respiratory failure.

Question 32

How is Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) managed in critical care?

Answer 32

Immediate administration of aspirin, oxygen, nitrates, and pain relief, followed by revascularization if indicated.

Question 33

What is the role of hemodynamic monitoring in critical care?

Answer 33

To assess cardiac output, fluid status, and vascular resistance to guide therapy.

Question 34

What are the signs and symptoms of septic shock?

Answer 34

Hypotension, tachycardia, fever or hypothermia, and signs of organ dysfunction.

Question 35

How is fluid responsiveness assessed in critical care?

Answer 35

Through passive leg raise tests, fluid challenges, and monitoring cardiac output.

Question 36

What is the difference between SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) and Sepsis?

Answer 36

SIRS is an inflammatory response to various conditions, while sepsis is SIRS with a confirmed infection.

Question 37

How is hyperkalemia managed in critical care settings?

Answer 37

Administration of calcium gluconate, insulin with glucose, and sodium bicarbonate.

Question 38

What is the primary purpose of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients?

Answer 38

To maintain gut integrity, prevent bacterial translocation, and support metabolic demands.

Question 39

What is the difference between invasive and non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring?

Answer 39

Invasive methods include arterial lines and central venous catheters, while non-invasive methods use Doppler ultrasound and echocardiography.

Question 40

How is acute respiratory acidosis managed in critical care?

Answer 40

Ensuring adequate ventilation, correcting underlying causes, and considering mechanical ventilation if severe.