3 - Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology Flashcards
Overview of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology
1
Q
The study of the structures of the body
A
Anatomy
2
Q
The study of the functions of the body
A
Physiology
3
Q
The microscopic study of the structure of cells
A
Cytology
4
Q
The study of tissue
A
Histology
5
Q
The study of the structure from egg to adult form
A
Developmental Anatomy
6
Q
The study of the structures from the time of fertilization through the eighth week of gestation
A
Embryology
7
Q
The basic unit of life
A
Cell
8
Q
Cephalad means
A
Towards the head
9
Q
Antibodies are molecules of ___ involved in the immune response of the body
A
Proteins
10
Q
Etiology is the study of ______
A
The cause and origin of disease
11
Q
The condition characterized by swelling, heat, redness, and pain is known as _____
A
Inflammation
12
Q
In the Western anatomical position, the human body is _____
A
Standing erect, facing forward, arms at side, palms facing forward.
13
Q
The pericaridal cavity is located within the _____
A
Thoracic cavity
14
Q
The study of the tissues of the body is referred to as _______
A
Histology
15
Q
A short, severe episode is referred to as _____
A
Acute
16
Q
The ability of an organism to cause disease is referred to as ______
A
Virulence
17
Q
The human body is an ______
A
Organism
18
Q
The increase in symptoms or severity of a condition is a(n)______
A
Exacerbation
19
Q
The ____ plane divides the body into upper and lower sections.
A
Transverse
20
Q
The disease of unknown origin is referred to as _____
A
Idiopathic
21
Q
Structures that can be studied without the aid of a microscope.
A
Gross anatomy
22
Q
Study of changes in structures caused by disease.
A
Pathological anatomy
23
Q
Study of a specific region in the body, such as the head or lower extremities.
A
Regional anatomy
24
Q
Study of the body through x-rays.
A
Radiographic anatomy
25
Study of the body through observation and palpation.
Surface anatomy
26
Study of specific body systems.
Systemic anatomy
27
The study of nerves.
Neurophysiology
28
The study of cell function.
Cell physiology
29
The study of the acute responses and long-term adaptions of the body to physical activity or exercise.
Exercise physiology
30
The study of movement.
Kinesiology
31
Groups of similar cells combine to form _________
Tissue
32
A collection of tissues having a specific function.
Organ
33
Organs acting together to perform specific functions.
Organ systems
34
Which cavity holds the digestive organs, liver and spleen?
Abdominal cavity
35
Which cavity describes both the abdominal cavity below the diaphragm and the pelvic cavity?
Abdominopelvic cavity
36
Which cavity houses the urinary bladder, the rectum, and the internal reproductive organs?
Pelvic cavity
37
Which cavity is protected by the rib cage and contains the vital organs, such as the heart and lungs?
Thoracic cavity
38
Which cavity within the thoracic cavity protects the heart?
Pericardial cavity
39
Which cavity describes the combined thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Ventral cavity
40
Which cavity houses the brain and the spinal cavity?
Cranial cavity
41
Which cavity houses the spinal cord?
Spinal cavity
42
Which body system protects the body; regulate body temperature; waste elimination; production of vitamin D; detects sensations such as hot, cold and pain, etc.?
Integumentary system
43
Which body system supports and protects the body; aids movements; houses cells that give rise to blood cells; stores minerals and fats?
Skeletal system
44
Which body system produces body movements, stabilizes posture and produces body heat?
Muscular system
45
Which body system regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in body's internal and/or external environment and reacting by causing muscle contractions or glandular secretions?
Nervous system
46
Which body system carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and other wastes away from cells; helps regulate acidity, temperature, and water content in bodily fluids; blood components aid immunity and repair of damaged blood vessels?
Cardiovascular system
47
Which body system protects against disease-causing organisms; returns proteins and other substances to blood and carries lipids from GI tract to blood?
Lymphatic system
48
Which body system transfers oxygen from inhaled air to the blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate pH of body fluids; allows vocal cords to produce sound through air flowing out of lungs?
Respiratory system
49
Which body system regulates the absorption of nutrients by physical and chemical breakdown of food and elimination of waste?
Digestive system
50
Which body system regulates body activities through release of hormones?
Endocrine system
51
Which body system produces, stores and eliminates waste products through urine; regulates blood volume, composition, and mineral balance; aids in red blood cell production?
Urinary system
52
Which body system produces gametes in gonads for reproduction; regulates reproductive and other processes through the release of hormones?
Reproductive system
53
Which directional term is used when it divides the body into anterior and posterior positions?
Frontal plane
54
The frontal plane is also called _______
Coronal plane
55
Which directional term is used when the body is divided into left and right sections?
Sagittal plane
56
Which directional term is used when it divides the body into upper and lower sections?
Transverse plane
57
What is another term for transverse plane?
Horizontal plane
58
What is the direction if it is toward the front or in front of?
Anterior or ventral
59
What direction is toward the tail or lower?
Caudal or inferior
60
What direction is toward the head or upper?
Cephalad
61
What direction is toward the head?
Cranial or superior
62
What direction is far from the surface?
Deep
63
What direction is away from a point of reference or farthest from the trunk?
Distal
64
What direction is toward the back or in back of?
Dorsal or posterior
65
What direction is away from the midline of the body?
Lateral
66
What direction is toward the midline of the body?
Medial
67
What direction is toward or nearest the trunk or point of reference?
Proximal
68
What direction is near the surface?
Superficial
69
What pathology focuses on the study of tissues removed from a dead or living person to diagnose disease or cause of death?
Anatomical pathology
70
What type of pathology is actually a number of subdisciplines that are often referred to as laboratory medicine: chemistry, histology, microbiology and other specialties?
Clinical pathology
71
What is the study of how disease and trauma alter the normal functioning of the body?
Pathophysiology
72
What is an organism that lives in an oxygen environment?
Aerobe
73
What is the ability to walk?
Ambulatory
74
What is an organism that lives in an oxygen-free environment?
Anaerobes
75
What are the irregular structural characteristics of a cell that identify it as a malignant cancer cell?
An aplastic
76
What is an abnormal occurrence, especially in reference to birth defects?
Anomaly
77
A chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections.
Antibiotic
78
A protein produced by the body as part of its defense against foreign bacteria or blood cells.
Antibody
79
The prevention of sepsis by excluding or destroying microorganisms.
Antisepsis
80
A substance that kills or prohibits the growth of microorganisms.
Antiseptic
81
Free from germs.
Asepsis
82
A wasting away or decrease in size of a cell, tissue, organ, or part of the body caused by lack of nourishment, inactivity or loss of nerve supply.
Atrophy
83
A situation in which the body produces an immune response against its own organs or tissues, causing severe inflammation and chronic conditions.
Autoimmunity
84
Mcroorganisms capable of reproduction; some strains cause infection (and some are beneficial).
Bacteria
85
Referring to a tumor, or abnormal growth, that is not cancerous and does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body.
Benign
86
Slow developing, recurring.
Chronic
87
Characterized by diminishing capabilities
Degenerative
88
The identification of disease or trauma
Diagnosis
89
An impairment of health that interferes with the body's ability to function normally.
Disease
90
The prevention of sepsis by excluding or destroying microorganisms.
Disinfect
91
Characterizing a disease that exists in a location or group of people all the time.
Endemic
92
A sudden outbreak of disease in numbers much higher than normal.
Epidemic
93
The study of the cause and origin of disease.
Etiology
94
A marked increase in symptoms or severity of disease.
Exacerbation
95
A mold, yeast, or mushroom.
Fungus
96
Genetically passed from parent to child.
Hereditary
97
An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
Hyperplasia
98
Of unknown origin.
Idiopathic
99
The invasion and growth of microorganisms that may cause cellular injury in tissue.
Infection
100
A protective response from the body in response to infection or injury characterized by swelling, heat, redness and pain.
Inflammation
101
Affecting only one part.
Local
102
Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant
103
Diseased or sick.
Morbid
104
Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being.
Morbidity
105
An abnormal growth of tissue that may be benign or malignant.
Neoplasm
106
An epidemic that affects an expanded demographic area.
Pandemic
107
The origin and development of disease.
Pathogenesis
108
The study of disease.
Pathology
109
The study of how disease and/or trauma alters the normal functioning of the body.
Pathophysiology
110
The evidence of disease as perceived by the doctor.
Signs
111
To destroy bacteria and other microorganisms.
Sterilize
112
The subjective evidence of disease as perceived by the patient.
Symptoms
113
A group of signs or symptoms characteristic of a particular disease or abnormal condition.
Syndrome
114
Affecting the whole body.
Systemic
115
A physical injury or wound caused by an external force of violence, which may cause death or permanent disability. Is also used to describe severe emotional or phychological shock or distress.
Trauma
116
The ability of an organism to cause disease.
Virulence
117
An intracelullar parasite that causes disease.
Virus
