11 - Brain and Spinal Cord Flashcards
1
Q
It is estimated that the human brain contains ____ neurons.
A
Approximately 100 billion
2
Q
Intelligence, reasoning and emotion are facilitated in the ____ area of the brain.
A
Association
3
Q
What area of the brain interpets speech?
A
Wernicke
4
Q
There are ___ pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.
A
31
5
Q
The meniges include
A
Spinal and cranial meninges
6
Q
Past sensory experiences are stored in the ______
A
Somatosensory association area
7
Q
The part of the brain associated with long-term memory is the ______
A
Hippocampus
8
Q
Melatonin and serotonin are produced in the _____
A
Pineal gland
9
Q
The protective layer that keeps most substances from penetrating through to the brain from the blood is the _____
A
BBB
10
Q
The long tubules extending from the arachnoid and pia mater that act as one-way valves for the cerebrospinal fluid are the ______
A
Arachnoid villi
11
Q
Respiratory functions are regulated in the _____
A
Cerebellum
12
Q
The CIA stands for _____
A
Common intergrative area
13
Q
The spinal cord extends ______
A
From the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra
14
Q
The ____ controls higher intelligence and reasoning.
A
Cerebrum
15
Q
The ___ is a small, almond-shaped structure.
A
Amygdala
16
Q
What are the four main parts of the brain?
A
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
17
Q
Which part of the brain consists of the medulla oblongata, the midbrain, and the pons?
A
Brain stem
18
Q
What part of the brain relays information about sensation and motion and houses the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the subthalamus, and the epithalamus?
A
Diencephalon
19
Q
What area of the brain includes the primary visual, auditory, gustatory and olfactory areas?
A
Sensory area
20
Q
The primary somatosensory area is located in which brain lobe?
A
Parietal
21
Q
Which area of the brain receives impulses that convey visual information and processes it into the images we see?
A
Visual area
22
Q
What area of the brain receives impulses that help us interpret sound?
A
Auditory area
23
Q
What area of the brain receives information for taste.
A
Gustatory area
24
Q
What part of the brain receives information for the sense of smell?
A
Olfactory area
25
Which lobe of the brain contains the auditory and receptive areas?
Temporal lobe
26
Which lobe of the brain is the site of visual interpretation?
Occipital lobe
27
What lobe is the primary motor area located?
Frontal lobe
28
The outer portion of the brain where thought processes take place.
Cerebral cortex
29
What association area interprets and integrates sensory information that comes into the body.
Somatosensory association area
30
What association area of the brain interprets speech through the recognition of spoken words?
Wernicke area
31
What area of the brain receives impulses from all the areas and assimilates what it receives?
Common integrative area (CIA)
32
What area of the brain controls learned, intentional movements?
Premotor area
33
What area of the brain controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes, such as when you are reading?
Frontal eye field area
34
What system is a collection of structures in the brain located in a horseshoe-like rim of the vortices surrounding the junction between the diencephalon and each cerebral hemisphere.
Limbic system
35
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of scent?
Offactory nerve (I )
36
What cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of vision?
Optic nerve (II)
37
What cranial nerve is responsible for eye and eyelid movements; control of pupil size?
Oculomotor nerve (III)
38
Which cranial nerve is responsible for eye movements?
Trochlear nerve (IV)
39
What cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of touch to the face; movement of chewing muscles?
Trigeminal nerves (V)
40
What cranial nerve is responsible for eye movement?
Abducens nerve (VI)
41
What cranial nerve is responsible for movement of muscles of facial expression; sensation of taste in front of tongue?
Facial nerve (VII)
42
What cranial nerve is responsible for sensations of hearing and balance?
Auditory-vestibular nerve (VIII)
43
What cranial nerve is responsible for movement of throat muscles; control of the salivary glands; sensation of taste in back of tongue; detection of blood pressure changes?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
44
What cranial nerve is responsible for control of the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs; sensation of pain associated with internal organs; movement of throat muscles?
Vagus nerve (X)
45
Which cranial nerve is responsible for movement of throat and neck muscles?
Spinal accessory (XI)
46
Which cranial nerve is responsible for movement of tongue?
Hypoglossal (XII)
47
Three connective tissue layers or membranes that cover the entire brain and spinal cord.
Meninges
48
The outermost layer of the meninges.
Dura mater
49
The space between the dura mater and the vertebrae that is a fatty cushioned area.
Epidural space
50
The middle layer of the meninges.
Arachnoid
51
The layer between the dura mater and the arachnoid.
Subdural space
52
The intermost layer of the meninges.
Pia mater
53
The area between the arachnoid and the pia mater.
Subarachnoid space
54
The pia mater thickens into triangular processes called ________
Denticulate ligaments
55
A small, almond-shaped brain structure that arouses nonverbal expressions of negative emotions, such as sweaty palms, dry mouth, and tense facial expressions.
Amygdala
56
Long tubules extending from the arachnoid that serve as the one-way valves for cerebrospinal fluid to exit the brain and enter the bloodstream.
Arachnoid villi
57
Brain fibers in the cerebral cortex that are involved in processing but not in the strict sense of motor or sensory.
Association fibers
58
Paired clusters of cell bodies that make up the central grey matter in each cerebral hemisphere; they work together with the cerebral cortex to refine movements, feelings and thoughts.
Basal ganglia
59
A protective layer of blood vessels and glial cells that keeps most substances from penetrating through to the brain from the bloodstream.
Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
60
The lowest part of the brain; refers collectively to the medulla oblongata, the midbrain and the pons.
Brainstem
61
The root of all nerves that occur below L1; the lower end of the spinal cord.
Cauda equina
62
A cavity that is the location of the spinal cord.
Central canal
63
Part of the back brain, primarily concerned with movement, muscle tone and balance.
Cerebellum
64
A canal in the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles.
Cerebral aqueduct
65
The outer portion of the brain where thought processes take place.
Cerebral cortex
66
A clear, colorless fluid, composed mostly of glucose and protein, that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and fills the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord; provides protection and nutrients.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
67
The largest and most forward (anterior) portion of the brain; functions include higher cognitive functions.
Cerebrum
68
The dorsal posterior section of the diencephalon.
Epithalamus
69
A short process of the dura mater extending from the occipital crest.
Falx cerebelli
70
A fold of the dura mater located between the two cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal fissure (deep fold).
Falx cerebri
71
One of the rounded ridges associated with the surface of the cerebrum.
Gyrus
72
The part of the brain thought to be associated with long-term memory.
Hippocampus
73
The part of the brain that secretes chemicals that help regulate body temperature, thirst, hunger, water balance, and sexual function; also closely connected with emotional activity and sleep; functions as the center for the integration of hormonal and autonomic nervous activity.
Hypothalamus
74
A short, slit-like passage that connects the third ventricle area of the brain to the lateral ventricles.
Interventricular foramina
75
A brain area consisting of the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and other structures that affect the endocrine system and autonomic motor system.
Limbic system
76
An expanded region of the spinal cord that starts at T10 and is thickest at the last thoracic vertebra.
Lumbar enlargement
77
The lowest division of the brainstem, immediately above the spinal cord; involved in cardiac and respiratory functions.
Medulla oblongata
78
The midbrain
Mesencephalon
79
The egg-shaped body from which the offactory (smell) nerves extend.
Offactory bulb
80
An olive-shaped prominence on either side of the medulla oblongata.
Olive
81
A small, flat gland that produces melatonin and serotonin.
Pineal gland
82
A network of nerves.
Plexus
83
One of the structures located in the lower brainstem just above the spinal cord; acts as a major pathway for motor and sensory information between the body and higher-level brain functioning.
Pons
84
The sensory root of a spinal nerve.
Posterior root
85
A groove on the surface of the cerebrum, lying between adjacent gyri.
Sulcus
86
A fold of the dura mater that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
Tentorium cerebelli
87
Two large ovoid masses composed mostly of grey matter, situated on either side of the third ventricle.
Thalamus
88
A hollow space in the central brain (also applies to a hollow space in other organs).
Ventricle
89
The most serious type of brain tumor, a fast growing tumor that metastasizes or spreads, invading surrounding tissue and destroying healthy cells in its path.
Glioma
90
A tumor that spreads, invading surrounding tissue and destroying healthy cells in its path.
Metastasize
91
A disease which mainly affects children of Eastern European Jewish descent, which causes the brain to swell and damage itself against the insides of the skull.
Tay-Sachs disease
92
An inherited metabolic disorder caused by the absence of a necessary enzyme.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
93
Depression that lasts more than 2 weeks and involves extreme fatigue, change of habits and personality, and possible suicidal thoughts.
Clinical depression
94
Erratic behavior that is the opposite of depression. A manic person talks fast (too fast for their thinking), has unusual enthusiasm and often euphoric behavior and may be delusional in some cases.
Mania
95
A condition in which blood in the brain is shunted directly from the arteries to the veins, bypassing the capillaries, resulting in an area that lacks oxygen. Symptoms (headaches, seizures) appear after age 30.
Arteriovenous malformation
96
A brain disorder of unknown origin causing developmental problems in children in the areas of speech, behavior and social skills.
Autism
97
A pus-filled cavity caused by a bacterial infection.
Brain abscess
98
A brain injury.
Cerebral trauma
99
A prolonged state of deep unconscious as a result of trauma or illness.
Coma
100
An acute mental disorder that affects the ability to reason and speech impairment and other cerebral dysfunctions; organic in cause and often reversible.
Delirium
101
The cumulative effects of being hit on the head numerous times; also known as the "punch drunk" and "boxers affliction".
Dementia pugilistica
102
Mental retardation caused by possession of an extra chromosome 21.
Down syndrome
103
Abnormally increased cerebral spinal fluid surrounding the brain.
Hydrocephalus
104
An inability to sleep.
Insomnia
105
Abnormal drowsiness or stupor.
Lethargy
106
A sleep disorder characterized by an inability to stay awake; consists of sudden bouts of sleeping at inappropriate times and inability to sleep at night.
Narcolepsy
107
A temporary interruption in breathing that occurs during sleep.
Sleep apnea
108
A birth defect in which the vertebral arch (the posterior projection from the body of the vertebra) fails to close around the spinal cord and meninges.
Spina bifida
109
Dysfunctions that can include mood disturbances, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunctions, withdrawal delirium, intoxification, and dementia, caused by drug abuse or side effects of medications or toxic exposure.
Substance-related disorders
