APCHEM Electron configuration

Question 0

Describe how each of the sub levels is made up of orbitals

Answer 0

n = 1 has 1 orbital
• n = 2 has 4 orbitals
• n = 3 has 9 orbitals
• n = 4 has 16 orbitals

Question 1

Describe the 4 basic orbitals

Answer 1

S- spherically shaped 1 time
P-dumb bell shaped 3 types
D-complex shapes 5 types
F- very complex shapes 7 types

Question 2

Describe how the or Italy’s can hold up to 2 electrons each

Answer 2

• n = 1 can hold 2 electrons
• n = 2 can hold 8 electrons
• n = 3 can hold 18 electrons
• n = 4 can hold 32 electrons
• etc

Question 3

What is the Aufbau rule?

Answer 3

The Aufbau Principle – electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy orbital available until all the electrons for the atom have been accounted for

Question 4

What is the pauli exclusion principle ?

Answer 4

The Pauli Exclusion Principle – an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons

Question 5

What is hund’s rule?

Answer 5

Hund’s Rule – electrons occupy equal energy orbital so that a maximum number of unpaired electrons (single electrons in an orbital) results

Question 6

Bond order

Answer 6

The number of bonding electron pairs shared by 2 atoms

Question 7

Bond order equation

Answer 7

Number of lines/ number of bonding groups

Question 8

Bond length

Answer 8

The distance between the nuclei of 2 bonded atoms

Question 9

How do you decide if nonbonding electrons will be on a trigonal bipyramidal structure?

Answer 9

They’ll always be on the equatorial positions to minimize repulsion

Question 10

What are the Bond angles?

Answer 10

Linear 180
Trigonal planar 120
Tetrahedral 109.5
Trigonal bipyramidal (90 ax to eq) (120 eq to eq)
Octahedral 90

Question 11

Molecular structures for trigonal planar

Answer 11

Trigonal planar (3bg)
Bent (2bg 1nbg)

Question 12

Molecular structures for tetrahedral

Answer 12

Tetrahedral (4bg)
Trigonal pyramidal (3bg 1nbg)
Bent (2-2)

Question 13

Trigonal bipyramidal molecular structures

Answer 13

Trigonal bipyramidal (5bg)
Seesaw (4bg-1)
T-Shaped (3bg-2)
Linear (2bg-3)

Question 14

Molecular structures for octahedral

Answer 14

Octahedral (6bg)
Square pyramidal (5bg-1)
Square planar (4bg-2)

Question 15

Trends for atomic radius

Answer 15

1. Larger as you move down because principle energy levels get further from the nucleus
2. Smaller from left to right because more protons

Question 16

Ionic radius trends

Answer 16

1. Cations are smaller than parent atoms because the outermost energy level could become empty or just electron electron repulsion decreases
2. Anions are bigger than parent atoms because there’s an increase in electron electron repulsion

Question 17

Order of importance for ionic and atomic radius

Answer 17

1 energy level
2 number of protons (less electrons makes it bigger)
3 number of electrons

Question 18

Ionization energy definition

Answer 18

Energy needed to remove an electron from an atom (small atoms have higher i.e. Because atom hold onto the outermost electron tighter)

Question 19

Trends for ionization energy

Answer 19

1. Decreases as you move down because atoms get larger and the electrons are further from the nucleus and easier to remove
2. Increases left to right because atoms get smaller and the electrons are closer the nuc,emus and harder to remove

Question 20

Electron affinity definition

Answer 20

Energy change that occurs when an atom gains an electron