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From Flashcardlet > Biology Unit 7-Ecology > Flashcards

Biology Unit 7-Ecology Flashcards

(130 cards)

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0
Q

Decomposers

A

an organism (as a bacterium or a fungus) that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter

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1
Q

Carnivores

A

an animal that eats meat

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2
Q

feeding relationships

A

The feeding relationship is the complex of interactions that takes place between parent and child as they engage in food selection, ingestion, and regulation behaviors

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3
Q

Dertritivores/Scavengers

A

an animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse

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4
Q

food web

A

main food chains

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5
Q

food chain

A

trophic level food pathway, linear

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6
Q

generalists

A

A predator or herbivore that regularly includes a variety of prey species as part of its diet

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7
Q

herbivore

A

an animal that feeds on plants.

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8
Q

omnivore

A

an animal or person that eats food of both plant and animal origin

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9
Q

specialists

A

an organism that has special nutritional requirements and lives in a restricted habitat that provides these

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10
Q

biomass

A

the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.

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11
Q

Consumer

A

an organism that does not synthesize its own food and as such depends upon other complex organic substances for nutrition.

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12
Q

Ecosystem Energy Pyramid

A

A graphical model that is shaped like a pyramid to show how the energy flows through a food chain, how the amount of energy is decreasing and becoming less available for organisms as it enters each trophic level, and how much of the energy in the ecosystem is lost to the atmosphere as heat.

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13
Q

Ecosystem Matter Pyramid

A

The pyramid of mass demonstrates that each link of the food chain loses an amount of mass

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14
Q

Energy

A

the strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity.

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15
Q

mass

A

a coherent, typically large body of matter with no definite shape

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16
Q

Producers

A

Supports all others in the trophic levels

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17
Q

trophic level

A

each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy

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18
Q

Biome

A

a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat

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19
Q

Ecology

A

The study of all components, abiotic and biotic, within a defined area

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20
Q

Ecology

A

The study of all components, abiotic and biotic, within a defined area

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21
Q

Ecology

A

The study of all components, abiotic and biotic, within a defined area

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22
Q

Basic organization of ecology

A

Biosphere-biomes-ecosystems-communities-populations-individuals

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23
Q

Basic organization of ecology

A

Biosphere-biomes-ecosystems-communities-populations-individuals

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24
6 major terrestrial biomes
TRF desert tundra deciduous forest coniferous forest grasslands
25
6 major terrestrial biomes
TRF desert tundra deciduous forest coniferous forest grasslands
26
3 main traits that help distinguish biomes
Temperature, water, soil
27
3 main traits that help distinguish biomes
Temperature, water, soil
28
3 types of aquatic biomes
Fresh, salt, estuaries
29
3 types of aquatic biomes
Fresh, salt, estuaries
30
Estuaries
Anywhere fresh and salt water meet
31
Estuaries
Anywhere fresh and salt water meet
32
4 marine zones
Intertidal/Neretic Open See/Oceanic | Ocean Sea/Pelagic Deep Sea/Benthic
33
4 marine zones
Intertidal/Neretic Open See/Oceanic | Ocean Sea/Pelagic Deep Sea/Benthic
34
Intertidal/Neretic
Highly photic has contact with land
35
Intertidal/Neretic
Highly photic has contact with land
36
Open See/Oceanic
Photic but no contact with coast
37
Open See/Oceanic
Photic but no contact with coast
38
Ocean Sea/Pelagic
Non-photic no contact with land
39
Ocean Sea/Pelagic
Non-photic no contact with land
40
Deep Sea/Benthic
Non-photic, cold temps, high pressure
41
Deep Sea/Benthic
Non-photic, cold temps, high pressure
42
2 traits marine zones are based on
Depth(light, pressure, temperatures) and contact with coast
43
2 traits marine zones are based on
Depth(light, pressure, temperatures) and contact with coast
44
Which marine sub-division has the most life?
Neretic
45
Which marine sub-division has the most life?
Neretic
46
What governs the type, abundance,and relationship between living and non-living things?
The available energy
47
What governs the type, abundance,and relationship between living and non-living things?
The available energy
48
Trophic
Energy
49
Trophic
Energy
50
4 Trophic levels
Primary producers and Primary, secondary, tertiary consumers
51
4 Trophic levels
Primary producers and Primary, secondary, tertiary consumers
52
Dertiritivores
Larger and will be regulated on the energy pyramid as a secondary consumer due to size EX Vultures
53
Primary producers
The Trophic level that supports all others (autotrophs)
54
Tertiary consumers
Omnivores
55
Pyramid of energy/productivity
Shows the amount of retained and available energy per Trophic level measured in joules
56
Pyramid of numbers
Shows the actual number of each type of organism on each Trophic level
57
Pyramid of numbers
Shows the actual number of each type of organism on each Trophic level
58
Primary consumers
Herbivores
59
Secondary consumers
Carnivores
60
Decomposers
Smaller and does not get regulated on energy pyramid because of size EX Bacteria and fungi
61
10% Law
10% of energy transferred from one Trophic level to the next
62
Secondary consumers
Carnivores
63
Dertiritivores
Larger and will be regulated on the energy pyramid as a secondary consumer due to size EX Vultures
64
10% Law
10% of energy transferred from one Trophic level to the next
65
Clean up crew
Dertiritivores/Scavengers and Decomposers
66
3 diagrams to illustrate efficiency and numbers of organisms/energy
Pyramid of biomass, energy/productivity,numbers
67
Pyramid of biomes
Shows actual weight of what each Trophic level contains
68
Pyramid of energy/productivity
Shows the amount of retained and available energy per Trophic level measured in joules
69
EX of r selected
Insects
70
Exponential model
Idealized and called r population (j curve)
71
Limiting factors/ environmental resistance
Density dependent factors and density independent factors
72
Density dependent factors
Limited food water shelter, predation, disease (gets worse as numbers get higher)
73
Logistic model
Realized, called k populations (s curve)
74
Biotic potential
Obtaining the maximum number of healthy and fertile offspring
75
Which model occurs more often and why?
Logistic; environmental resistance
76
Biotic potential vs environmental resistance leads to
Adaption
77
R selected carrying capacity is much more...
Unstable
78
R selected (opportunistic)
Short maturation and life span, many small offspring, no or little parent care, high death rate
79
K selected (equilibrial)
Long maturation and life span, few larger offspring, extensive parental care, low death rate
80
Maturation
Growing up period
81
EX K selected
Lions
82
Density independent factors
Weather/climate, EX earthquakes and fires
83
Environmental resistance factors lead to...
K
84
K
The max number of individuals an area can sustain/carrying capacity
85
Both predators and prey develop strategies...
To live
86
Carrying capacity
Max number of individuals a population can have
87
Mutualism
Both species benefit EX bee and flower and clownfish and anemone
88
Commensalism
One species benefits and the other is not affected (EX cactus wren and cactus barnacles on whale)
89
Parasitism
One species benefits and the other is harmed EX leeches tapeworms ticks mistletoe
90
Resource partitioning
Parapatric species consume slightly different foods or use materials in different ways (develop niche) EX Dominican Republic lizards perching sites
91
Neutralism
Neither organism benefits or is hurt Most rarest
92
Symbiosis
2 unrelated organisms living close together?
93
Predator and prey
Special competition which is an evolutionary arms race of adaption of at its best
94
Examples of adoptions at an evolutionary arms race
Camouflage, weaponry, warnings, shells, stealth, ambush
95
Types of competition
Intra specific and inter specific
96
Intra specific competition
Occurs among organisms belonging to the same species
97
Inter specific competition
Between organisms from different species (predator and prey)
98
Disruptive coloring
Obscures size or shale of organisms body EX Zebras, tigers,
99
Character displacement
Sympatric species tend to diverge in those characteristics that overlap EX Darwin's finches beak size
100
In competition reduction, which happens first?
Resource partitioning
101
Death rate
Number of organisms that die (mortality)
102
5 types of coloration adaptations
Aposemstic coloring, batesian mimicry, mullerian mimicry, camouflage, disruptive coloring
103
Age structure
Relative number of individuals at each age?
104
Aposematic coloration
Stay away color (lets "eaters" know they are poisonous or venomous) EX black widow or scorpion or rattlesnake
105
Batesian mimicry
Copycat only 1 bad EX bee and wasps and bumblebees, snake and larvae
106
Mullerian mimicry
2 poisonous resemble one another EX bee and yellow jacket
107
Camouflage
Blend in
108
Demography
Factors that affect growth and decline of populations
109
Birth rate
Number of offering produced (natality)
110
Survivorship curve
Plot of numbers that are still alive at each age
111
Type 1
Death more likely at old age
112
Type 2
Death equally likely at each age
113
Type 3
Death more likely at young age
114
Bio geochemical cycles
The various nutrient circuits which involve both abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem
115
Water cycle
Precipitation goes from atmosphere to ground, animals and plants use it through evapotranspiration and evaporation
116
Evapotranspiration
Loss of water from plants
117
Carbon cycle
Humans burn compounds which are released into the atmosphere,which plants, algae, and Cyanobacteria use for photosynthesis and then release oxygen for animals to release in cellular respiration and decompose
118
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrifying bacteria release N2 which nitrogen fixing bacteria change to NH4 in nitrogen fixation and then NO2 to NO3 through nitrification but animals also produce NH4 and denitrifying bacteria change it back to N2. Now producers use the N2 in assimilation and Decomposers also produce NH4 in ammonification
119
Primary succession
Going from nothing (no soil) to pioneering community to climax community
120
What causes primary succession
Melting glaciers, landslides, volcanic eruptions, strip mines
121
Secondary succession
Re-establish an ecosystem after a disturbance
123
Causes of secondary succession
Flood, fire
124
How do we determine how large a population is?
Random Sampling, Point Intercept, Mark and Recapture (Lincoln Index)
125
Geographic Dispersion
Shows how individuals in a population are spaced
126
Population Dispersion
Refers to how a population is spread in an area (Density)
127
3 Types of dispersion
Clumped, uniform, random
128
Random sampling
Takes the area and divides it into quadrants. Then randomly slects a few quadrants and counts all the organisms, finds the average, then multiplies by total quadrants. Problems) Doesn't work for mobiles
129
Point Intercept
Draw a line 10 meters out and count every organism that falls along the line. Total number of each species and multiply by tota; square area counting. Problems) Can't for mobiles
130
Capture Mark-Recapture (Lincoln Peterson Index)
In a given area, capture a few organisms and mark them and releaze them back into the wild. Over a set of time, recapture a present number of organisms and keep track of how many have already been captured. Problems) Expensive and can cause disruptions in the wild.

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