Biology Unit 6 Flashcards
(136 cards)
0
Q
Is it considered evolution if there isn’t a change in genes?
A
NO
1
Q
Darwin’s 5 Key Observations that lead him to discover evolution
A
1) Organisms with same population have unique traits2)Traits are inheritable3)Organisms adapt4)Nature is cruel5)Differential Reproduction Occurs
2
Q
Micro evolution
A
The actual change in genes
3
Q
Macro evolution
A
The environmental pressures that select fittest organisms
4
Q
5 mechanisms that result in a change in genes and new alleles to form
A
Mutation, crossing over, gene flow, sexual reproduction, genetic drift
5
Q
Mutations
A
Mis sense mutations are point mutations in DNA, a single mutation can have a large effect but on accumulation of many mutations
6
Q
Crossing over
A
Causes changes in gene sequencing which can change phenotypes
7
Q
When does crossing over occur?
A
Meiosis 1 and prophase 1
8
Q
Gene flow
A
Any movement of genes from one populations of like organisms to another (emigration and immigration)
9
Q
Emigration
A
Leaving and losing diversity
10
Q
Immigration
A
Coming and obtain diversity
11
Q
Sexual reproduction
A
Creates diversity as many sperm and egg are there
12
Q
Genetic drift
A
In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more. The genes of the next generation will be the “genes” of the lucky individuals, not necessarily the healthier or better individuals
13
Q
Founder effect
A
A type of genetic drift when a few organisms colonize (or re-colonize) an area, there are less individuals and thus less genes in the population. This causes a reduction in genes in the population
14
Q
Bottleneck effect
A
A possible outcome of genetic drift which occurs when a few individuals start a new population because the diversity is deceased the the newly found population. This is due to having too few individuals contributing to the genes of the population
15
Q
Why does genetic drift always have a negative effect?
A
Harmful alleles can become more common due to chance not due to ability if survivor and the fewer individuals you have the fewer us nice genes for each trait
16
Q
Genes re shuffled using…
A
5 mechanisms of evolution
17
Q
what selects organisms that are adequate enough to survive
A
nature
18
Q
is natural selection random?
A
NO
19
Q
who is the chooser in natural selection?
A
the environment/nature
20
Q
artificial selection
A
people are the choosers
21
Q
examples of natural selection
A
dogs bananas and corn
22
Q
4 main principles of natural selection
A
variation of heritable traits, overproduction and struggle for survival, adaptations arise over many generations, descent with modification
23
Q
fitness
A
the measure of survival ability and ability to produce offspring in the population
24
differential reproduction
unequal # of offspring produced
25
modes of selection
the outcomes of altered distribution of traits
26
3 types of modes of selection
directional, stabilizing, disruptive/diversifying
27
directional selection
1 of the 2 extreme phenotypes is favored by selection pressure
28
stabilizing selection
the middle phenotype is favored by selection
29
disruptive/diversifying selection
both extreme phenotypes are favored by selection
30
sexual selection
occurs when certain traits increase mating success
31
why do females get to choose in sexual selection?
they have higher cost during reproduction
32
2 types of sexual selection
intra and inter
33
intra-sexual selection
competition among males
34
inter-sexual selection
males display certain traits to females
35
why is nature to cruel?
limited resources means organisms must compete and even though descent with modification allows each generation to try to produce better offspring, they won't all live and reproduce
36
biotic potential versus environmental resistance
how many offspring can live vs.always in competition
37
population/species
organisms that must be able to reproduce and create fertile and viable offspring
38
Bio-geographic isolation
Life isolated on an island
39
Microevolution allows
Genetic diversity to occur throw genes
40
Macroevolution measures...
Success of the changed genes
41
Example of a beneficial and chromosomal mutation
Crossing over
42
Vestigial structures
Structures that have a huge, important role or function in one group, but that same structure has little to no use in another group
43
Analogous structures
Structures that look similar but evolve from different ancestors
44
4 main bodies of evidence that support evolution
Paleontogy/biogeography embryology comparative anatomy biomolecular analysis
45
Fossil
Preserved bone or other trace of an ancient organism
46
Paleontology
Uses fossils to study ancient life
47
Morphology
Study of the shape of things
48
Two parts of paleontology
Fossils and geography
49
Geography
The study of where things love and lived is important (island species most closely resemble nearest main land and populations can how variation from one Islam to another)
50
Bio-geographic isolation can cause...
Evolution to e more exaggerated and rapid
51
Embryology
Study of the development of embryos
52
Much of our evolutionary history is seen
In the way embryos develop
53
Embryology show us that the stages of development 2 organisms share the more ___ the organisms are
Related
54
Comparative anatomy
Comparing how organisms are put together
55
Homologous structures
Structures that come from a common ancestor even if they function differently
56
Homologous
The ancestor is the same
57
Analogous structures
Stuctures that look similar but evolved from different ancestors and can't be used as evidence or relatedness
58
Vestigial structures
Structures that have a huge important role or function in 1 group but that same structure has little to no use is another group
59
EX of analogous structures
Wing of a bird and butterfly
60
Hip bone in whales are not useful but are to humans
Vestigial structures
61
Bio-molecular analysis
Analyzing similarities and differences in bio chemicals of different species
62
EX Bio chemicals we use
DNA RNA Enzymes proteins hemobroben
63
Molecular clocks
Result of biochemical analysis. Use differences between molecules to determine how closely related 2 groups are.
64
Pseudogenes (introns)
No longer create active proteins and are mixed with functional DNA
65
4 main bodies of evidence that support evolution
Paleontogy/biogeography embryology comparative anatomy biomolecular analysis
66
Fossil
Preserved bone or other trace of an ancient organism
67
Paleontology
Uses fossils to study ancient life
68
Morphology
Study of the shape of things
69
Two parts of paleontology
Fossils and geography
70
Geography
The study of where things love and lived is important (island species most closely resemble nearest main land and populations can how variation from one Islam to another)
71
Bio-geographic isolation can cause...
Evolution to e more exaggerated and rapid
72
Embryology
Study of the development of embryos
73
Much of our evolutionary history is seen
In the way embryos develop
74
Embryology show us that the stages of development 2 organisms share the more ___ the organisms are
Related
75
Comparative anatomy
Comparing how organisms are put together
76
Homologous structures
Structures that come from a common ancestor even if they function differently
77
Homologous
The ancestor is the same
78
Analogous structures
Stuctures that look similar but evolved from different ancestors and can't be used as evidence or relatedness
79
Vestigial structures
Structures that have a huge important role or function in 1 group but that same structure has little to no use is another group
80
EX of analogous structures
Wing of a bird and butterfly
81
Hip bone in whales are not useful but are to humans
Vestigial structures
82
Bio-molecular analysis
Analyzing similarities and differences in bio chemicals of different species
83
EX Bio chemicals we use
DNA RNA Enzymes proteins hemobroben
84
Molecular clocks
Result of biochemical analysis. Use differences between molecules to determine how closely related 2 groups are.
85
Pseudogenes (introns)
No longer create active proteins and are mixed with functional DNA
86
Patterns in evolution give us snapshots of...
Variation over generations
86
Patterns in evolution give us snapshots of...
Variation over generations
87
Each pattern if evolution asks
Is it increasing or decreasing? Is there a common ancestor?
87
Each pattern if evolution asks
Is it increasing or decreasing? Is there a common ancestor?
88
Phyletic
The evolutionary pattern favors one genetic variation over another from a common ancestor that is now extinct. (EX wooly mammoths and modern elephants)
88
Phyletic
The evolutionary pattern favors one genetic variation over another from a common ancestor that is now extinct. (EX wooly mammoths and modern elephants)
89
Adaptive
This evolutionary pattern illustrates a huge amount of variation is favored from a shared common ancestor who may or may not be extinct EX Darwin's finches
89
Adaptive
This evolutionary pattern illustrates a huge amount of variation is favored from a shared common ancestor who may or may not be extinct EX Darwin's finches
90
Divergent evolution
This evolutionary pattern favors distinctly different traits in closely related species from a common ancestor EX Kit fox and red fox
90
Divergent evolution
This evolutionary pattern favors distinctly different traits in closely related species from a common ancestor EX Kit fox and red fox
91
Convergent evolution
The evolutionary pattern favors similar traits (less variation) in species without a common ancestor EX Dolphins and sharks
91
Convergent evolution
The evolutionary pattern favors similar traits (less variation) in species without a common ancestor EX Dolphins and sharks
92
Co-evolution
Evolutionary paths became connected in completely unrelated (no common ancestor). Species evolve in response to changes in each other variation in 1 species cause change in the other
92
Co-evolution
Evolutionary paths became connected in completely unrelated (no common ancestor). Species evolve in response to changes in each other variation in 1 species cause change in the other
100
Classification/taxonomy
The grouping of objects based on physical similarities,
101
Who gave us the system of taxonomy ?
Linnaeus and Whittaker
102
Taxonomy is based on...
Morphology
103
8 levels of taxonomy
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
104
Domain archaea
Ancient prokaryotes
105
Domain bacteria
Modern prokaryotes
106
Domain eukarya
All eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi)
107
Taxonomists
Give a unique scientific name to each species they know about whether it's Alice or extinct (come from Latin of Ancient Greek)
108
Binomial nomenclature
A 2 part naming system for writing scientific names (genus name is written first and capitalized the species name is written second not capitalized and both are underlined or italicized)
109
Cladistics/phylogeny
A relatively new system of classification that uses shared derived traits to establish evolutionary relationships
110
Cladogram
A phylogenetic tree based on a cladistic analysis
111
Synapomorphies
Derived characteristics
112
Clade
A group of organisms and their common ancestor
113
Steps to making a cladogram
1Determine traits to asses 2create a table of who had the traits and who doesn't 3arrange the traits along the bottom of the diagram and the organisms coming off that line 4determine common ancestry along the way
114
Punctuated equilibrium
Branching pattern caused by environmental changes
115
Speciation
The formation new and distinct organisms through evolution
116
Externally separate
Meaning Due to an outside force and then once separated
117
Internally separate
Meaning due to reproductive isolating mechanisms
118
External separation if caused by
Geographic isolation
119
2 types of geographic isolation
Allopatric and parapatric
120
Allopatric speciation
Separation caused by a physical barrier
121
Parapatric speciation
Speciation caused by unique habitat adaption (niches)
122
Sympatric speciation mechanisms
These mechanisms preserve the 2 species and maintain their separation (internal mechanisms) once Allopatric or parapatric speciation occur then internal mechanisms come in to play
123
2 sympathetic mechanism categories
Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic
124
Pre-zygotic
Prevents the rising of species before a zygote is created
125
Post-zygotic
Prevents the rising of species after the zygote is created
126
4 pre-zygotic isolations
Temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic
127
Temporal isolation
Organisms can't mate because they breed at different times
128
Behavioral isolation
Organisms don't mate if they aren't attracted to each other
129
Mechanical isolation
Organisms aren't physically compatible
130
Gametic isolation
An embryo won't form if an egg and sperm aren't fused properly
131
2 types of post-zygotic isolation
Hybrid infertility and infertility
132
2 types of extinction
Background and mass
133
Background extinction
Caused by environmental changes and occurs only to small amounts of groups
134
Mass extinction
Occurs less often and has catastrophic effects to large amounts of groups
135
Speciation
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
