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Biology Unit 2 Flashcards

(115 cards)

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0
Q

Do all living things have all 7 CHARGER?

A

Yes

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1
Q

What is CHARGER?

A

Cellular Homeostasis Adaption/DNA Response Growth/Development Energy Source Reproduction

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2
Q

What are 2 different ways energy source could be demonstrated?

A

Plants with photosynthesis and humans with food

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3
Q

Cell Wall

A

Plant- used for support, protection, and allows h2o, co2, and o2 in and out of the cell

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Surrounds the cell and protects it and regulates what comes in and out of the cell

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Command center of the cell, controls cell functions, contains DNA and nucleolus

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6
Q

Nucleus membrane

A

All cells- controls movement of materials in and out of NUcleus

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Surrounds and supports the organelles

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8
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Both act as an internal highway for the cell, moving object throughout the interior of the cell. ROUGH ER has some ribosomes attached to it.

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9
Q

Ribosome

A

All- makes proteins for the cell

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10
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Makes energy for the cell

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11
Q

Vacuole

A

Holds water and nutrients for the cell

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12
Q

Chloroplast

A

Plants- uses sun to make food (glucose) for the plant (photosynthesis) and releases oxygen

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

Contains the RNA

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Chemically packages items for internal transport

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15
Q

Centrioles

A

Animal cells- separates chromosome pairs during mitosis

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16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Found in cytoplasm, acts like the cell’s skeleton made up of large structures called microtubules and small components called microfilaments

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17
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Same as the nuclear membrane, surround and protects the nucleolus and regulates what’s in and out

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18
Q

Nuclear pore

A

The opening in the nuclear envelope to which some substances can pass through

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19
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Larger than animal vacuoles and centrally located to store large amounts and nutrients

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20
Q

Plastic Chloroplast

A

Where light energy if converted into organic energy

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21
Q

Plasmodesma

A

Small junctions in the cell wall that allows cells to communicate with each other

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22
Q

Lysosome

A

Produces enzymes to degrade cellular waste

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23
Q

Leucoplast

A

Where starches are stored

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24
Chromoplast
Stores pigments that will later assist the chloroplast
25
Peroxisomes
Contains enzymes and performing essential metabolic functions as the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide
26
Flagella
A thread whiplike extension
27
Cilia
Threadlike organelles with a beat rhythmic wave
28
Stroma
Supports the organelles
29
Thylakoids
Collects solar energy for the chloroplast
30
Granum
1 stack of thylakoids disks
31
Cell Theory
All living things are cellular, cells are the smallest functioning unit in all living things, and cells come from pre-existing cells
32
Hans Janssen
1590- 1st compound microscope
33
Robert Hooke
1665-first to use the word "cell" and could see the cell wall of cork
34
Van Leeuwenhoek
1680- first to observe living cells (teeth scrapings) he called them animalcules
35
Schleidon
1838- First to observe that plants are made of cells
36
Schwann
1839-First to put out concept that all living things are cellular
37
Virchow
1855- Discovered that cells come from other cells, discredited "spontaneous generation" (Redi too)
38
Eukaryote Cells
Has a nucleus, cell wall (if) contains cellulose, and helical and linear double stranded DNA
39
Prokaryotic Cells
The only membrane bound organelle is the ribosome, cell wall (if) contains pepidoglycon which is complex, has circular DNA
40
What is the on,y example of Prokaryotes
Bacteria
41
How many vacuoles does a plant cell have?
1 large one
42
Are there centrioles in plant cells?
No
43
How many vacuoles are in an animal cell?
Many small ones
44
What is use for cell division in animal cells?
Centrioles- no cell plate
45
What are the long and short hairlike structures sticking out of cells?
Flagella and cilia
46
Where does a prokaryote store it's DNA since it doesn't have a nucleus?
The nucloid region
47
What are the 5 levels of organization from cell to multicellular organism?
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, multicellular organism
48
Cristae
Folded membrane in the mitochondria
49
Phospholipid
A specialized lipid that has one of its fatty acid tails removed so a phosphate can be added
50
Lipid
Fat
51
Phosphate
A water loving part that is added to replace a fatty acid tail on a phospholipid
52
Hydrophobic
Water fearing
53
Hydrophilic
Water loving
54
Polar
Water loving
55
Non-polar
Water fearing
56
Phosphate head
Attracts the water
57
Cholesterols
Fats that are used for support in the cell membrane
58
Fatty acid lipid tails
Non-polar and repulse the water
59
Passive movement
No energy is required and is moved based on concentration gradient
60
Active movement
Energy is required, moving items against a concentration gradient
61
Facilitated diffusion
No energy, just using helpers (like proteins) to make large things in and out of the cell
62
Are diffusion and osmosis passive movement processes?
Yes
63
What are the 2 most common passive movements?
Diffusion and osmosis
64
Plasmolyze/crenate
When the cell loses too much water and shrinks up and dies
65
Lysis/cytolysis
The cell gains too much water and bursts and dies!
66
Diffusion
The process of widely spreading out (like febreeze) without energy and is a passive movement process
67
What are someways we can increase the speed of diffusion?
Heat, increase concentration, size, or pressure
68
Active transport
To make the solutes go back to the highly concentrated place with force/energy
69
Adhesion
Sticks to similar cells to form tissues and eventually organs
70
Communication
2+ cells talk cell to cell
71
Receptor
Receives long distance signals
72
Recognition
Chemical IDs let the immune system know who they are
73
Transport
Moved large items but needs energy
74
Antenna
Feels for other cells (tells where you are)
75
Endocytosis
Moving things into the cell using a vesicle
76
Exocytosis
Moving things out of the cell using a vesicle
77
Pinocytosis
Bringing in if or removing liquids
78
Phagocytosis
Bringing of or removing of solids or large particles
79
Vesicle
Pinches in to make a temporary pocket (in membrane) that brings things in and out of the cell
80
Surface are refers to...
The size of the cell membrane
81
The volume refers to...
The contents
82
What increases faster than surface area?
Volume what are solutions for when volume increases faster than surface area?
83
what are solutions for when volume increases faster than surface area?
Divide or fold the membrane
84
Fluid mosaic model
mosaic model describes the structure of a cell membrane. It indicates that the cell membrane is not solid.
85
Carbohydrates
any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose.
86
Peptidoglycan
a substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria, consisting of glycosaminoglycan chains interlinked with short peptides.
87
Cellulose
an insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton
88
Why are cells called cells?
Robert Hook saw a bunch of boxes that looked like rooms that monks live in and called them the same name
89
Carbohydrate chains and function
Chain of sugars used to let the cell know that something is around it
90
Adhesion
Stick cells together
91
Receptor proteins
Brain sending signals from far away
92
Ligand
Things being sent to tell receptors what to communicate ex: adrenaline
93
Communication proteins
Can go both ways and is communication close together
94
Thylakoid disk
Works like a solar panel and takes in sunlight and uses it as energy (photosynthesis) Inside the chloroplast
95
Cell theory
Cells are the smallest living unit Cells come from pre existing cells All living things have cells
96
As Surface area to volume increases...
Size decreases
97
Increase in volume
Makes easier from materials to travel through
98
Facilitated diffusion
Helps diffusion | Allows larger molecules to transfer
99
Peptidoglycan
Only found in the cell wall of prokaryotes
100
Cellulose
Found in plant cells but not animal cells
101
Christae
To fit what it needs to fit inside
102
Smaller the cell..
Higher the surface area to volume ratio
103
Vesicles
Pouches inside the cell Moving the material into the cell Uses energy
104
Passive transport
No energy involved
105
Intracellular receptors
Inside the cell instead of in the cell membrane
106
Membrane receptor
Communication between the cell and outside world
107
Solution
Solute and solvent put together
108
Solute
Liquid
109
Solvent
Solid
110
Concentration gradient
The movement from high concentrations to low concentrations
111
Cytolysis
the dissolution or disruption of cells, especially by an external agent.
112
Homeostasis
tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.
113
Receptor proteins
Used in intracellular communication
114
Recognition proteins
Monitor the cell | Distinguish foreign cells from self cells

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