Biology H semester 2 review Flashcards
(384 cards)
0
Q
Promoter/initiation sequence
A
Start sequence
1
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Antisense strand
A
3’ of DNA
2
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Law of dominance
A
Homozygous crosses only result in dominant traits
3
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Codon
A
The base triplets in mRNA
4
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Transitions
A
Base substitutions that swap purine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine
5
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A Site
A
Holds the tRNA carrying the amino acid to be activated and th
6
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mRNA
A
Messenger RNA (linear or flat)
7
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Polygenics
A
Characterized by many genes are needed to affect a single trait EX hair color, eye color, skin color
8
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P Site
A
Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
9
Q
Base substitutions
A
Point mutations which 1 nitrogenous base is substituted by another
10
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Cytological
A
Illustrates actual gene sequences of DNA. Used To determine point mutations
11
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X-Inactivation
A
Since females have 2 X chromosomes, if each carries a regular dominant genes there could be a conflict so some genes become inactive EX Calico cats
12
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Transverse
A
Base substitutions that swap purine for pyrimidine or vise versa
13
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Step 1 of protein synthesis
A
RNA Synthase unzip DNA
14
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Incomplete Dominance
A
Characterized by a blending of traits. Phenotype of offspring fall in between each other. EX red horses crossed with white horses
15
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3 parts of mRNA
A
Leader, reading frame, trailer
16
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pre-mRNA
A
mRNA rough draft
17
Q
How can we increase efficiency of translation?
A
Multipl
18
Q
Pedigree
A
Used to illustrate phenotype through families but don’t illustrate chromosomes or gene squeezes
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Law of Independent Assortment
A
No genes for different traits are linked together and inherited together. There is no linkage.
20
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Sex linkage
A
Characterized by genes carried on the X (x linked) and Y (holondric) chromosome EX hemophilia, ear hair, colorblindness
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Point mutation
A
Changes in the genetic sequence that occur at specific points in the DNAstrand
22
Q
Any 3 types of RNA can be made during…
A
Transcription
23
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Nonsense mutation
A
A point mutation that turns 1 codon into a stop codon results in early termination of the polypeptide chain
24
Sex Influenced
Genes that are expressed differently based on hormones produced by the sex hormones X or Y estrogen or testosterone EX Patterned baldness by testosterone
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Insertions
Point mutations which 1 or more base pairs is added to DNA
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tRNA
Transfer (t)
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Mutagen
Any chemical or physical agent that causes a mutation in DNA
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E Site
Exit of tRNA one
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rRNA
Ribosomal (large glob)
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Triplet code (codons)
The genetic instructions to obtain specific individual amino acids that form the polypeptide chai are "written" in the DNA as a series of 3 nucleotide "words"
31
Epistasis
Characterized where 1 set of genes (2 alleles) controls a totally different set of alleles. Often the controlling alleles block the expression of others. EX Albinism
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Where do we get amino acids from?
Protein
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RNA Processing
Process of which we edit mRNA
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Sense strand
5' un copied of DNA
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3 Parts of mRNA Processing q
Introns removed, exons linked together, caps and tails added
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Examples of mutagens
Heat, uv radiation, chemicals
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Formula to get a human protein
Codon + anticodon + inactive amino acid= human protein
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Polysomes
A complex of ribosomes strung along a single strand of mRNA that translates the genetic info in the mRNA during protein synthesis
39
How many nucleotides are affected by mutagens?
1/1billion
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Translation
Actual decoding of the mRNA into a polypeptide. Occurs in ribosomes of cytoplasm and rough ER
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Terminator
Stop sequence
42
What does mutagen mean?
Origin of mutations
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Mutation
Any change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA
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RNA Polymerase
Copies DNA into RNA. Lays down a 5' first so we use the 3' strand of DNA
45
Deletion
A point mutation which 1 or more base pairs are removed
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Transcription
1st stage of protein synthesis. RNS strand is assembled from nucleotides using a gene iron in DNA as aTemplate
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Frameshift mutation
Mutation caused by an insertion or deletion which causes a shift in the translational reading frame
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Law of segregation
1/2 genes come from mom and 1/2 genes come from dad after meiosis and the creation of gametes
49
Pleiotropy
1 set of Genes control multiple outcomes EX Dalmations have genes for white coats color but also controls the ability to hear
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tRNA's 3 jobs
Provide the anticodon used for decoding nucleotide triplet, brings in the inactive amino acid, holds the growing polypeptide inside the factory
51
Law of Dominance
Some outcomes for a trait are dominant over other possible outcomes for that same trait
52
Epigenetic Inheritance
Inheritance if genes that have on/off capabilities based on their ancestors' environmental experiments
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Environmental Genes
(Epigenetics) phenotype that changes as genes are exposed to external stormill like temperature EX foxes and Siamese
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Purines
G A
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Silent mutation
A point mutation that has no overall effect of a protein's function.
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Karyotype
Shows overall large chromosome structure but not gene sequence. Autosomal verses sex chromosomes
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Introns
Non-protein making regions of the pre-mRNA
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Transcription
Synthesis of mRNA under the direction of DNA. occurs in the nucleus.
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Missense mutation
A point mutation which changes a codon to indicate a different amino acid
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Reading frame
A way of dividing the mRNA into codons
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Fossil
Preserved bone or other trace of an ancient organism
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Fossil
Preserved bone or other trace of an ancient organism
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fitness
the measure of survival ability and ability to produce offspring in the population
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Steps to making a cladogram
1Determine traits to asses 2create a table of who had the traits and who doesn't 3arrange the traits along the bottom of the diagram and the organisms coming off that line 4determine common ancestry along the way
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population/species
organisms that must be able to reproduce and create fertile and viable offspring
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Homologous
The ancestor is the same
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2 types of geographic isolation
Allopatric and parapatric
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Two parts of paleontology
Fossils and geography
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Homologous structures
Structures that come from a common ancestor even if they function differently
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Microevolution allows
Genetic diversity to occur throw genes
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Analogous structures
Stuctures that look similar but evolved from different ancestors and can't be used as evidence or relatedness
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Bottleneck effect
A possible outcome of genetic drift which occurs when a few individuals start a new population because the diversity is deceased the the newly found population. This is due to having too few individuals contributing to the genes of the population
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Phyletic
The evolutionary pattern favors one genetic variation over another from a common ancestor that is now extinct. (EX wooly mammoths and modern elephants)
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Is it considered evolution if there isn't a change in genes?
NO
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Paleontology
Uses fossils to study ancient life
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Bio-geographic isolation can cause...
Evolution to e more exaggerated and rapid
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Much of our evolutionary history is seen
In the way embryos develop
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Parapatric speciation
Speciation caused by unique habitat adaption (niches)
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what selects organisms that are adequate enough to survive
nature
80
Externally separate
Meaning Due to an outside force and then once separated
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Binomial nomenclature
A 2 part naming system for writing scientific names (genus name is written first and capitalized the species name is written second not capitalized and both are underlined or italicized)
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is natural selection random?
NO
83
Background extinction
Caused by environmental changes and occurs only to small amounts of groups
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Who gave us the system of taxonomy ?
Linnaeus and Whittaker
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Mutations
Mis sense mutations are point mutations in DNA, a single mutation can have a large effect but on accumulation of many mutations
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intra-sexual selection
competition among males
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Hip bone in whales are not useful but are to humans
Vestigial structures
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Gene flow
Any movement of genes from one populations of like organisms to another (emigration and immigration)
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Founder effect
A type of genetic drift when a few organisms colonize (or re-colonize) an area, there are less individuals and thus less genes in the population. This causes a reduction in genes in the population
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who is the chooser in natural selection?
the environment/nature
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Molecular clocks
Result of biochemical analysis. Use differences between molecules to determine how closely related 2 groups are.
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Embryology show us that the stages of development 2 organisms share the more ___ the organisms are
Related
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EX of analogous structures
Wing of a bird and butterfly
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Molecular clocks
Result of biochemical analysis. Use differences between molecules to determine how closely related 2 groups are.
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Pseudogenes (introns)
No longer create active proteins and are mixed with functional DNA
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4 main bodies of evidence that support evolution
Paleontogy/biogeography embryology comparative anatomy biomolecular analysis
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Synapomorphies
Derived characteristics
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Patterns in evolution give us snapshots of...
Variation over generations
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Immigration
Coming and obtain diversity
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Co-evolution
Evolutionary paths became connected in completely unrelated (no common ancestor). Species evolve in response to changes in each other variation in 1 species cause change in the other
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artificial selection
people are the choosers
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directional selection
1 of the 2 extreme phenotypes is favored by selection pressure
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Clade
A group of organisms and their common ancestor
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Bio-geographic isolation
Life isolated on an island
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EX Bio chemicals we use
DNA RNA Enzymes proteins hemobroben
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Pseudogenes (introns)
No longer create active proteins and are mixed with functional DNA
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disruptive/diversifying selection
both extreme phenotypes are favored by selection
108
Gametic isolation
An embryo won't form if an egg and sperm aren't fused properly
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Emigration
Leaving and losing diversity
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Homologous structures
Structures that come from a common ancestor even if they function differently
111
Paleontology
Uses fossils to study ancient life
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Embryology show us that the stages of development 2 organisms share the more ___ the organisms are
Related
113
stabilizing selection
the middle phenotype is favored by selection
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Adaptive
This evolutionary pattern illustrates a huge amount of variation is favored from a shared common ancestor who may or may not be extinct EX Darwin's finches
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Hip bone in whales are not useful but are to humans
Vestigial structures
116
Two parts of paleontology
Fossils and geography
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Genes re shuffled using...
5 mechanisms of evolution
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3 types of modes of selection
directional, stabilizing, disruptive/diversifying
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Pre-zygotic
Prevents the rising of species before a zygote is created
120
Domain bacteria
Modern prokaryotes
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Vestigial structures
Structures that have a huge, important role or function in one group, but that same structure has little to no use in another group
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Domain eukarya
All eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi)
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Mechanical isolation
Organisms aren't physically compatible
124
Internally separate
Meaning due to reproductive isolating mechanisms
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2 types of extinction
Background and mass
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Bio-molecular analysis
Analyzing similarities and differences in bio chemicals of different species
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2 sympathetic mechanism categories
Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic
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Behavioral isolation
Organisms don't mate if they aren't attracted to each other
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Vestigial structures
Structures that have a huge important role or function in 1 group but that same structure has little to no use is another group
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Allopatric speciation
Separation caused by a physical barrier
131
Bio-geographic isolation can cause...
Evolution to e more exaggerated and rapid
132
examples of natural selection
dogs bananas and corn
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Bio-molecular analysis
Analyzing similarities and differences in bio chemicals of different species
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Geography
The study of where things love and lived is important (island species most closely resemble nearest main land and populations can how variation from one Islam to another)
135
Vestigial structures
Structures that have a huge important role or function in 1 group but that same structure has little to no use is another group
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8 levels of taxonomy
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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Embryology
Study of the development of embryos
138
Co-evolution
Evolutionary paths became connected in completely unrelated (no common ancestor). Species evolve in response to changes in each other variation in 1 species cause change in the other
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Divergent evolution
This evolutionary pattern favors distinctly different traits in closely related species from a common ancestor EX Kit fox and red fox
140
Darwin's 5 Key Observations that lead him to discover evolution
1) Organisms with same population have unique traits2)Traits are inheritable3)Organisms adapt4)Nature is cruel5)Differential Reproduction Occurs
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Embryology
Study of the development of embryos
142
Sympatric speciation mechanisms
These mechanisms preserve the 2 species and maintain their separation (internal mechanisms) once Allopatric or parapatric speciation occur then internal mechanisms come in to play
143
4 main principles of natural selection
variation of heritable traits, overproduction and struggle for survival, adaptations arise over many generations, descent with modification
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Much of our evolutionary history is seen
In the way embryos develop
145
Genetic drift
In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more. The genes of the next generation will be the "genes" of the lucky individuals, not necessarily the healthier or better individuals
146
Domain archaea
Ancient prokaryotes
147
Cladogram
A phylogenetic tree based on a cladistic analysis
148
Convergent evolution
The evolutionary pattern favors similar traits (less variation) in species without a common ancestor EX Dolphins and sharks
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Morphology
Study of the shape of things
150
Comparative anatomy
Comparing how organisms are put together
151
Analogous structures
Stuctures that look similar but evolved from different ancestors and can't be used as evidence or relatedness
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why is nature to cruel?
limited resources means organisms must compete and even though descent with modification allows each generation to try to produce better offspring, they won't all live and reproduce
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Mass extinction
Occurs less often and has catastrophic effects to large amounts of groups
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Crossing over
Causes changes in gene sequencing which can change phenotypes
155
why do females get to choose in sexual selection?
they have higher cost during reproduction
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Speciation
The formation new and distinct organisms through evolution
157
Micro evolution
The actual change in genes
158
Post-zygotic
Prevents the rising of species after the zygote is created
159
inter-sexual selection
males display certain traits to females
160
When does crossing over occur?
Meiosis 1 and prophase 1
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Convergent evolution
The evolutionary pattern favors similar traits (less variation) in species without a common ancestor EX Dolphins and sharks
162
Patterns in evolution give us snapshots of...
Variation over generations
163
Phyletic
The evolutionary pattern favors one genetic variation over another from a common ancestor that is now extinct. (EX wooly mammoths and modern elephants)
164
4 main bodies of evidence that support evolution
Paleontogy/biogeography embryology comparative anatomy biomolecular analysis
165
EX Bio chemicals we use
DNA RNA Enzymes proteins hemobroben
166
Analogous structures
Structures that look similar but evolve from different ancestors
167
Punctuated equilibrium
Branching pattern caused by environmental changes
168
External separation if caused by
Geographic isolation
169
Comparative anatomy
Comparing how organisms are put together
170
2 types of post-zygotic isolation
Hybrid infertility and infertility
171
differential reproduction
unequal # of offspring produced
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Macroevolution measures...
Success of the changed genes
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biotic potential versus environmental resistance
how many offspring can live vs.always in competition
174
Taxonomy is based on...
Morphology
175
5 mechanisms that result in a change in genes and new alleles to form
Mutation, crossing over, gene flow, sexual reproduction, genetic drift
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Classification/taxonomy
The grouping of objects based on physical similarities,
177
Temporal isolation
Organisms can't mate because they breed at different times
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Divergent evolution
This evolutionary pattern favors distinctly different traits in closely related species from a common ancestor EX Kit fox and red fox
179
Example of a beneficial and chromosomal mutation
Crossing over
180
Adaptive
This evolutionary pattern illustrates a huge amount of variation is favored from a shared common ancestor who may or may not be extinct EX Darwin's finches
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Homologous
The ancestor is the same
182
Morphology
Study of the shape of things
183
sexual selection
occurs when certain traits increase mating success
184
4 pre-zygotic isolations
Temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic
185
Speciation
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
186
Sexual reproduction
Creates diversity as many sperm and egg are there
187
Cladistics/phylogeny
A relatively new system of classification that uses shared derived traits to establish evolutionary relationships
188
Each pattern if evolution asks
Is it increasing or decreasing? Is there a common ancestor?
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Each pattern if evolution asks
Is it increasing or decreasing? Is there a common ancestor?
190
EX of analogous structures
Wing of a bird and butterfly
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Taxonomists
Give a unique scientific name to each species they know about whether it's Alice or extinct (come from Latin of Ancient Greek)
192
Geography
The study of where things love and lived is important (island species most closely resemble nearest main land and populations can how variation from one Islam to another)
193
modes of selection
the outcomes of altered distribution of traits
194
Macro evolution
The environmental pressures that select fittest organisms
195
2 types of sexual selection
intra and inter
196
Why does genetic drift always have a negative effect?
Harmful alleles can become more common due to chance not due to ability if survivor and the fewer individuals you have the fewer us nice genes for each trait
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Primary producers
The Trophic level that supports all others (autotrophs)
198
6 major terrestrial biomes
TRF desert tundra deciduous forest coniferous forest grasslands
199
Mutualism
Both species benefit EX bee and flower and clownfish and anemone
200
How do we determine how large a population is?
Random Sampling, Point Intercept, Mark and Recapture (Lincoln Index)
201
Water cycle
Precipitation goes from atmosphere to ground, animals and plants use it through evapotranspiration and evaporation
202
Carnivores
an animal that eats meat
203
food web
main food chains
204
Disruptive coloring
Obscures size or shale of organisms body EX Zebras, tigers,
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Ocean Sea/Pelagic
Non-photic no contact with land
206
K selected (equilibrial)
Long maturation and life span, few larger offspring, extensive parental care, low death rate
207
Open See/Oceanic
Photic but no contact with coast
208
What governs the type, abundance,and relationship between living and non-living things?
The available energy
209
Predator and prey
Special competition which is an evolutionary arms race of adaption of at its best
210
What governs the type, abundance,and relationship between living and non-living things?
The available energy
211
Primary succession
Going from nothing (no soil) to pioneering community to climax community
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Secondary consumers
Carnivores
213
Geographic Dispersion
Shows how individuals in a population are spaced
214
Carrying capacity
Max number of individuals a population can have
215
Types of competition
Intra specific and inter specific
216
2 traits marine zones are based on
Depth(light, pressure, temperatures) and contact with coast
217
Estuaries
Anywhere fresh and salt water meet
218
Trophic
Energy
219
Dertiritivores
Larger and will be regulated on the energy pyramid as a secondary consumer due to size EX Vultures
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Limiting factors/ environmental resistance
Density dependent factors and density independent factors
221
Intertidal/Neretic
Highly photic has contact with land
222
Exponential model
Idealized and called r population (j curve)
223
3 main traits that help distinguish biomes
Temperature, water, soil
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2 traits marine zones are based on
Depth(light, pressure, temperatures) and contact with coast
225
Random sampling
Takes the area and divides it into quadrants. Then randomly slects a few quadrants and counts all the organisms, finds the average, then multiplies by total quadrants. Problems) Doesn't work for mobiles
226
Batesian mimicry
Copycat only 1 bad EX bee and wasps and bumblebees, snake and larvae
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Dertiritivores
Larger and will be regulated on the energy pyramid as a secondary consumer due to size EX Vultures
228
Pyramid of energy/productivity
Shows the amount of retained and available energy per Trophic level measured in joules
229
specialists
an organism that has special nutritional requirements and lives in a restricted habitat that provides these
230
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrifying bacteria release N2 which nitrogen fixing bacteria change to NH4 in nitrogen fixation and then NO2 to NO3 through nitrification but animals also produce NH4 and denitrifying bacteria change it back to N2. Now producers use the N2 in assimilation and Decomposers also produce NH4 in ammonification
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Bio geochemical cycles
The various nutrient circuits which involve both abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem
232
Ecosystem Energy Pyramid
A graphical model that is shaped like a pyramid to show how the energy flows through a food chain, how the amount of energy is decreasing and becoming less available for organisms as it enters each trophic level, and how much of the energy in the ecosystem is lost to the atmosphere as heat.
233
Decomposers
an organism (as a bacterium or a fungus) that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter
234
Deep Sea/Benthic
Non-photic, cold temps, high pressure
235
Age structure
Relative number of individuals at each age?
236
Inter specific competition
Between organisms from different species (predator and prey)
237
3 main traits that help distinguish biomes
Temperature, water, soil
238
Trophic
Energy
239
omnivore
an animal or person that eats food of both plant and animal origin
240
Logistic model
Realized, called k populations (s curve)
241
6 major terrestrial biomes
TRF desert tundra deciduous forest coniferous forest grasslands
242
Clean up crew
Dertiritivores/Scavengers and Decomposers
243
Both predators and prey develop strategies...
To live
244
biomass
the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.
245
What causes primary succession
Melting glaciers, landslides, volcanic eruptions, strip mines
246
Character displacement
Sympatric species tend to diverge in those characteristics that overlap
EX Darwin's finches beak size
247
Secondary consumers
Carnivores
248
Biome
a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat
249
herbivore
an animal that feeds on plants.
250
Survivorship curve
Plot of numbers that are still alive at each age
251
3 types of aquatic biomes
Fresh, salt, estuaries
252
R selected carrying capacity is much more...
Unstable
253
Dertritivores/Scavengers
an animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse
254
EX K selected
Lions
255
Type 1
Death more likely at old age
256
trophic level
each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy
257
Which marine sub-division has the most life?
Neretic
258
Type 3
Death more likely at young age
259
R selected (opportunistic)
Short maturation and life span, many small offspring, no or little parent care, high death rate
260
Estuaries
Anywhere fresh and salt water meet
261
3 diagrams to illustrate efficiency and numbers of organisms/energy
Pyramid of biomass, energy/productivity,numbers
262
EX of r selected
Insects
263
3 types of aquatic biomes
Fresh, salt, estuaries
264
4 marine zones
Intertidal/Neretic Open See/Oceanic
| Ocean Sea/Pelagic Deep Sea/Benthic
265
Primary consumers
Herbivores
266
Basic organization of ecology
Biosphere-biomes-ecosystems-communities-populations-individuals
267
Evapotranspiration
Loss of water from plants
268
Resource partitioning
Parapatric species consume slightly different foods or use materials in different ways (develop niche) EX Dominican Republic lizards perching sites
269
generalists
A predator or herbivore that regularly includes a variety of prey species as part of its diet
270
Demography
Factors that affect growth and decline of populations
271
4 marine zones
Intertidal/Neretic Open See/Oceanic
| Ocean Sea/Pelagic Deep Sea/Benthic
272
Camouflage
Blend in
273
Ocean Sea/Pelagic
Non-photic no contact with land
274
Commensalism
One species benefits and the other is not affected (EX cactus wren and cactus barnacles on whale)
275
mass
a coherent, typically large body of matter with no definite shape
276
Parasitism
One species benefits and the other is harmed EX leeches tapeworms ticks mistletoe
277
Decomposers
Smaller and does not get regulated on energy pyramid because of size EX Bacteria and fungi
278
Birth rate
Number of offering produced (natality)
279
Neutralism
Neither organism benefits or is hurt Most rarest
280
Pyramid of numbers
Shows the actual number of each type of organism on each Trophic level
281
4 Trophic levels
Primary producers and Primary, secondary, tertiary consumers
282
K
The max number of individuals an area can sustain/carrying capacity
283
Intertidal/Neretic
Highly photic has contact with land
284
Consumer
an organism that does not synthesize its own food and as such depends upon other complex organic substances for nutrition.
285
Biotic potential
Obtaining the maximum number of healthy and fertile offspring
286
Ecology
The study of all components, abiotic and biotic, within a defined area
287
Which marine sub-division has the most life?
Neretic
288
Open See/Oceanic
Photic but no contact with coast
289
Tertiary consumers
Omnivores
290
10% Law
10% of energy transferred from one Trophic level to the next
291
Ecology
The study of all components, abiotic and biotic, within a defined area
292
Deep Sea/Benthic
Non-photic, cold temps, high pressure
293
4 Trophic levels
Primary producers and Primary, secondary, tertiary consumers
294
Population Dispersion
Refers to how a population is spread in an area (Density)
295
Type 2
Death equally likely at each age
296
Energy
the strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity.
297
Death rate
Number of organisms that die (mortality)
298
Maturation
Growing up period
299
Causes of secondary succession
Flood, fire
300
Producers
Supports all others in the trophic levels
301
Ecosystem Matter Pyramid
The pyramid of mass demonstrates that each link of the food chain loses an amount of mass
302
Aposematic coloration
Stay away color (lets "eaters" know they are poisonous or venomous) EX black widow or scorpion or rattlesnake
303
Point Intercept
Draw a line 10 meters out and count every organism that falls along the line. Total number of each species and multiply by tota; square area counting. Problems) Can't for mobiles
304
Carbon cycle
Humans burn compounds which are released into the atmosphere,which plants, algae, and Cyanobacteria use for photosynthesis and then release oxygen for animals to release in cellular respiration and decompose
305
Density independent factors
Weather/climate, EX earthquakes and fires
306
Density dependent factors
Limited food water shelter, predation, disease (gets worse as numbers get higher)
307
Basic organization of ecology
Biosphere-biomes-ecosystems-communities-populations-individuals
308
10% Law
10% of energy transferred from one Trophic level to the next
309
food chain
trophic level food pathway, linear
310
Ecology
The study of all components, abiotic and biotic, within a defined area
311
Pyramid of biomes
Shows actual weight of what each Trophic level contains
312
5 types of coloration adaptations
Aposemstic coloring, batesian mimicry, mullerian mimicry, camouflage, disruptive coloring
313
3 Types of dispersion
Clumped, uniform, random
314
Pyramid of energy/productivity
Shows the amount of retained and available energy per Trophic level measured in joules
315
Biotic potential vs environmental resistance leads to
Adaption
316
Environmental resistance factors lead to...
K
317
Pyramid of numbers
Shows the actual number of each type of organism on each Trophic level
318
Secondary succession
Re-establish an ecosystem after a disturbance
319
Mullerian mimicry
2 poisonous resemble one another EX bee and yellow jacket
320
Which model occurs more often and why?
Logistic; environmental resistance
321
feeding relationships
The feeding relationship is the complex of interactions that takes place between parent and child as they engage in food selection, ingestion, and regulation behaviors
322
Symbiosis
2 unrelated organisms living close together?
323
In competition reduction, which happens first?
Resource partitioning
324
Examples of adoptions at an evolutionary arms race
Camouflage, weaponry, warnings, shells, stealth, ambush
325
Capture Mark-Recapture (Lincoln Peterson Index)
In a given area, capture a few organisms and mark them and releaze them back into the wild. Over a set of time, recapture a present number of organisms and keep track of how many have already been captured. Problems) Expensive and can cause disruptions in the wild.
326
Intra specific competition
Occurs among organisms belonging to the same species
327
HIPPO
Habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, population growth, over harvesting
328
Big changes know the water and carbon cycle impacts...
Climate
329
Ex oF pollutants
Mercury DDT
330
Text power
Crystals under buttons produce energy but they only produce a few watts and are expensive
331
Ozone
O3m a by product of fossil fuels
332
Environmental science
How humans impact the earth and by products of energy, how natural disasters affect earth, ways we manage resources, how our species impacts biodiversity
333
Non-biodegradable
Materials that can't be broken down by natural processes
334
Kites & ships
Wind pushes kite which controls boat but you don't have much control
335
Clear cutting forests causes,
| ...
Desertification
336
CFC
Destroys ozone in upper atmosphere
337
Why change is difficult for people
Expensive, unreliable, politics, infrastructure change
338
Environment
Pollution, maintaining biodiversity, waste generated
339
Hot air fuel
Trap heat in canopy with turbine to spin and fuel energy but the size is huge and it's 194 degrees F
340
Overproduction causes...
Climate change
341
Orbiting mirrors
Captures solar energy, reflects it, and transmits it to Earth but it costs too much and is huge
342
Goal of studying environment and the ways humans use it
Conserve resources for future generations
343
Natural Greenhouse effect
A natural phenomenon that keeps our planet at a Livable temperature. It occurs because we have ozone layers and other atmosphere layers that protect the earth
344
Renewable
The source is able to be recycled and used again EX Solar energy, wind, water
345
Muscle power
Electric generators collect movement energy but need participants
346
Solid waste 2 parts
Biodegradable and non biodegradable
347
Between environment and economic
Viable
348
Urban sprawl
Succession done to natural habitats to develop land
349
Ways we over exploit/consume
Invasive species, clear cutting, produce non reusable materials, urban sprawl
350
Smog can cause...
Respiratory problems, burning and watery eyes, increased susceptibility to disease
351
Coffee grounds/beans
Remove sulfur to produce oil but they are difficult to gather
352
Non-renewable
Once the energy has been extracted from the source it can no longer be used again EX fossil fuels
353
Between social and economic
Equitable
354
Bio magnification
As the trophies level increase, so does pollutants
355
What 4 things are responsible for acid rain?
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) sulfur dioxide oxide (SO2) nitric acid (HNO3) Nitrogen oxide (NOx) + CO2
356
Climate change
Human caused phenomenon through the run away production if green house effect causing higher than ever average temp on the planet
357
Sustainability is using
Realist conservation plans
358
Between environment and social
Bearable
359
Main areas of human impact
Water usage/ pollution, climate change, air pollution, over consumption./ expiration, solid waste
360
Pillars of sustainability
Environment economic and social
361
Nuclear reactors
Collect energy by splitting bonds but byproduct is dangerous
362
Why is climate change a more accurate term tha. Global warming
Has much more far reaching consequences, doesn't just involve the planet getting warm but other spectrums,
363
Cow farts
Farts release methane & collect natural gas bus cost and collection is a problem
364
What is smog primarily composed of?
Nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone
365
What can be done?
Reduce usage and consumption-stick and carrots, reforestation, develop non fossil fuel energy providers,
366
How do humans increase greenhouse effect ?
Overproduction if greenhouses (CH4 and CO2)
367
Smog
A haze of pollutants that hangs in the air. Combination of smoke and fog
368
Sustainability
Development that meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
369
Burning fossil fuels also cause increase in VOCs and NOX concentration which causes...
Poor air quality
370
Biodegradable
Materials that can be broken down by microorganisms into essential nutrients
371
Acid rain
Caused by fossil fuel emissions produced when water cycle pollutants cause rain pH to drop and can harm trees and lower pH of a lake or stream
372
What river lawsuits are being tried in multiple states ?
Colorado
373
What is our goal?
Reach sustainability for all resources
374
Invasive species
Organisms brought to a new area by humans from which they outcompete native species (intentional and accidental)
375
Clear cutting forests
Destroying rain forests to do agriculture
376
Important climate change distinctions are...
Global warming vs climate changes vs green house effect
377
Floating wind farms in ocean
Wind spins turbine to produce energy but us hard to transport
378
Society
Maintain lie quality, cultural sensitivity
379
What is the opposite of sustainability ?
Over consumption or exploitation
380
Economy
Job creation, economics development, cost/benefit
381
How many deaths does smog contribute to a year?
50,000
382
Water
Single greatest resource that is use for personal, agriculture, and recreation use
383
Global climate change
As more fossil fuels are released, more co2 and methane gases enter the closed atmosphere and create the greenhouse effect that holds in the sun's energy. This causes dramatic changes in temperature at earth's surface which changes climate/seasons
