Biology Unit 5

Question 0

Transcription

Answer 0

1st stage of protein synthesis. RNS strand is assembled from nucleotides using a gene iron in DNA as aTemplate

Question 1

Epigenetic Inheritance

Answer 1

Inheritance if genes that have on/off capabilities based on their ancestors’ environmental experiments

Question 2

Codon

Answer 2

The base triplets in mRNA

Question 3

mRNA

Answer 3

Messenger RNA (linear or flat)

Question 4

rRNA

Answer 4

Ribosomal (large glob)

Question 5

tRNA

Answer 5

Transfer (t)

Question 6

Step 1 of protein synthesis

Answer 6

RNA Synthase unzip DNA

Question 7

Where do we get amino acids from?

Answer 7

Protein

Question 8

Transcription

Answer 8

Synthesis of mRNA under the direction of DNA. occurs in the nucleus.

Question 9

Translation

Answer 9

Actual decoding of the mRNA into a polypeptide. Occurs in ribosomes of cytoplasm and rough ER

Question 10

Triplet code (codons)

Answer 10

The genetic instructions to obtain specific individual amino acids that form the polypeptide chai are “written” in the DNA as a series of 3 nucleotide “words”

Question 11

RNA Polymerase

Answer 11

Copies DNA into RNA. Lays down a 5’ first so we use the 3’ strand of DNA

Question 12

Antisense strand

Answer 12

3’ of DNA

Question 13

Sense strand

Answer 13

5’ un copied of DNA

Question 14

Promoter/initiation sequence

Answer 14

Start sequence

Question 15

Terminator

Answer 15

Stop sequence

Question 16

Any 3 types of RNA can be made during…

Answer 16

Transcription

Question 17

pre-mRNA

Answer 17

mRNA rough draft

Question 18

RNA Processing

Answer 18

Process of which we edit mRNA

Question 19

Introns

Answer 19

Non-protein making regions of the pre-mRNA

Question 20

3 Parts of mRNA Processing q

Answer 20

Introns removed, exons linked together, caps and tails added

Question 21

3 parts of mRNA

Answer 21

Leader, reading frame, trailer

Question 22

Formula to get a human protein

Answer 22

Codon + anticodon + inactive amino acid= human protein

Question 23

tRNA’s 3 jobs

Answer 23

Provide the anticodon used for decoding nucleotide triplet, brings in the inactive amino acid, holds the growing polypeptide inside the factory

Question 24

A Site

Answer 24

Holds the tRNA carrying the amino acid to be activated and th

Question 25

P Site

Answer 25

Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

Question 26

E Site

Answer 26

Exit of tRNA one

Question 27

How can we increase efficiency of translation?

Answer 27

Multipl

Question 28

Polysomes

Answer 28

A complex of ribosomes strung along a single strand of mRNA that translates the genetic info in the mRNA during protein synthesis

Question 29

Mutation

Answer 29

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA

Question 30

Point mutation

Answer 30

Changes in the genetic sequence that occur at specific points in the DNAstrand

Question 31

Base substitutions

Answer 31

Point mutations which 1 nitrogenous base is substituted by another

Question 32

Transitions

Answer 32

Base substitutions that swap purine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine

Question 33

Purines

Answer 33

G A

Question 34

Transverse

Answer 34

Base substitutions that swap purine for pyrimidine or vise versa

Question 35

Insertions

Answer 35

Point mutations which 1 or more base pairs is added to DNA

Question 36

Deletion

Answer 36

A point mutation which 1 or more base pairs are removed

Question 37

Missense mutation

Answer 37

A point mutation which changes a codon to indicate a different amino acid

Question 38

Nonsense mutation

Answer 38

A point mutation that turns 1 codon into a stop codon results in early termination of the polypeptide chain

Question 39

Silent mutation

Answer 39

A point mutation that has no overall effect of a protein's function.

Question 40

Mutagen

Answer 40

Any chemical or physical agent that causes a mutation in DNA

Question 41

What does mutagen mean?

Answer 41

Origin of mutations

Question 42

Examples of mutagens

Answer 42

Heat, uv radiation, chemicals

Question 43

How many nucleotides are affected by mutagens?

Answer 43

1/1billion

Question 44

Reading frame

Answer 44

A way of dividing the mRNA into codons

Question 45

Frameshift mutation

Answer 45

Mutation caused by an insertion or deletion which causes a shift in the translational reading frame

Question 46

Law of dominance

Answer 46

Homozygous crosses only result in dominant traits

Question 47

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 47

Characterized by a blending of traits. Phenotype of offspring fall in between each other. EX red horses crossed with white horses

Question 48

Co-

Answer 48

.

Question 49

Epistasis

Answer 49

Characterized where 1 set of genes (2 alleles) controls a totally different set of alleles. Often the controlling alleles block the expression of others. EX Albinism

Question 50

Polygenics

Answer 50

Characterized by many genes are needed to affect a single trait EX hair color, eye color, skin color

Question 51

Sex Influenced

Answer 51

Genes that are expressed differently based on hormones produced by the sex hormones X or Y estrogen or testosterone EX Patterned baldness by testosterone

Question 52

Sex linkage

Answer 52

Characterized by genes carried on the X (x linked) and Y (holondric) chromosome EX hemophilia, ear hair, colorblindness

Question 53

Environmental Genes

Answer 53

(Epigenetics) phenotype that changes as genes are exposed to external stormill like temperature EX foxes and Siamese

Question 54

Pleiotropy

Answer 54

1 set of Genes control multiple outcomes EX Dalmations have genes for white coats color but also controls the ability to hear

Question 55

X-Inactivation

Answer 55

Since females have 2 X chromosomes, if each carries a regular dominant genes there could be a conflict so some genes become inactive EX Calico cats

Question 56

Law of Dominance

Answer 56

Some outcomes for a trait are dominant over other possible outcomes for that same trait

Question 57

Law of segregation

Answer 57

1/2 genes come from mom and 1/2 genes come from dad after meiosis and the creation of gametes

Question 58

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 58

No genes for different traits are linked together and inherited together. There is no linkage.

Question 59

Pedigree

Answer 59

Used to illustrate phenotype through families but don't illustrate chromosomes or gene squeezes

Question 60

Karyotype

Answer 60

Shows overall large chromosome structure but not gene sequence. Autosomal verses sex chromosomes

Question 61

Cytological

Answer 61

Illustrates actual gene sequences of DNA. Used To determine point mutations