Biology Unit 3

Question 0

Atoms

Answer 0

Smallest particles that restrain properties of an element and a r made up of subatomic
Particles protons, neutrons, and electrons

Question 1

Element

Answer 1

A group of atoms that all share common traits

Question 2

Protons

Answer 2

Positive charge found in the nucleus/add to mass

Question 3

Neutrons

Answer 3

No charge and are found inside the nucleus/add to massw

Question 4

Electrons

Answer 4

Negative charge located outside the nucleus

Question 5

What does the atomic number consist of?

Answer 5

Number of protons and electrons

Question 6

What is the equation for the mass number?

Answer 6

Protons+Neutrons=Mass Number

Question 7

How do you find the number of neutrons an element has?

Answer 7

Mass number- atomic number

Question 8

What determines reactions?

Answer 8

The number and arrangement of electrons

Question 9

Polar

Answer 9

A slightly negative and positive charge

Question 10

What are the 6 properties of water?

Answer 10

Polar molecule, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion, less dense as a solid, and universal solvent

Question 11

High specific heat

Answer 11

It takes a lot of energy for water to change phases

Question 12

Cohesion

Answer 12

Water loves water

Question 13

Adhesion

Answer 13

Water loves other surfaces

Question 14

Density

Answer 14

Ice is less dense as a solid than a liquid

Question 15

Universal solvent

Answer 15

Since water carries a slight - and + charge! it can easily dissolve most solutes

Question 16

Ionic bonding

Answer 16

The transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Question 17

Cation

Answer 17

Ana atom loses electrons and becomes a positively charged ion

Question 18

Anion

Answer 18

Another atom gains electrons and becomes a negatively charged ion

Question 19

What are the 2 rules of the covalent bonds?

Answer 19

Atoms of the same element and when 2+ atoms are involved

Question 20

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 20

The bonding any atom with a hydrogen atom

Question 21

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 21

Energy/mass can’t be created or destroyed, on converted (can’t make something out of nothing)

Question 22

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 22

Energy/mass can’t be converted at 100% efficiency; it loses partial energy to the environment

Question 23

Chemical reactions

Answer 23

The change of substance so rom one form to another

Question 24

What is the basic formula for a chemical reaction?

Answer 24

Substrate---> product + heat

Question 25

What are 2 necessary things for a chemical reaction to occur?

Answer 25

Substrates (reactants)

Question 26

Catalyst

Answer 26

Something that speeds up reaction but does not undergo changes

Question 27

What are examples of catalysts?

Answer 27

Heat, acids

Question 28

Enzyme

Answer 28

The only catalyst that humans use

Question 29

Metabolism

Answer 29

The sum of all chemical reactions

Question 30

Catabolic pathway

Answer 30

Breaking down the original substance

Question 31

Anabolic

Answer 31

Building up the original substances

Question 32

What are the 4 traits of carbon?

Answer 32

Abundant, valence of 4, versatile stable

Question 33

What are the 4 main types of organic compounds?

Answer 33

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

Question 34

Functional groups

Answer 34

Lone atoms or clusters of atoms, bonded to a carbon chain that effect and alter the properties of the carbon skeleton

Question 35

Polymers

Answer 35

Large compounds (organic)

Question 36

Monomers

Answer 36

Building blocks of polymers

Question 37

Lipids

Answer 37

Hydrophobic, monomers are fatty acids, can be modified by adding structures, ex: phospholipid

Question 38

Cholesterol

Answer 38

A specialized lipid

Question 39

Proteins

Answer 39

Most flexible and versatile organic compound, can be linear or globular, shape is determined by function of the protein,

Question 40

One special type of large proteins are...

Answer 40

Enzymes

Question 41

If an enzyme's shape is disrupted we call it...

Answer 41

Denaturation

Question 42

Carbohydrates

Answer 42

Made up of 3 carbon structures- Monosaccharides (m) disaccharide (m) polysaccharides (p)

Question 43

Give an example of each of the 3 main levels of carb structures

Answer 43

Monosaccharides- glucose disaccharide- sucrose polysaccharides- complex carbon

Question 44

Glucose

Answer 44

C6H12O6

Question 45

Nucleic Acids

Answer 45

2 types (DNA and RNA), monomers are nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

Question 46

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 46

DNA- 2 strands, can't leave nucleus and has no oxygen RNA- 1 strand, can leave nucleus, has Oxygen

Question 47

Name the 4 base pairs that make up DNA

Answer 47

Cytosine-Guanine and Adenine-Thymine

Question 48

What are the base pairs for RNA?

Answer 48

Adenine-Uracil Cytosine-Guanine

Question 49

What do cells use energy for?

Answer 49

Organization, endocytosis, mitosis, repair, active transport, movement

Question 50

How can energy be released to be used In a cell?

Answer 50

Use organic compounds

Question 51

ATP

Answer 51

A chemical molecule made of adenine, ribose,and 3 phosphate groups.

Question 52

Adenine + ribose= ______

Answer 52

Adenosine

Question 53

What does triophosphate refer to?

Answer 53

3 phosphate groups

Question 54

Why do cells want ATP?

Answer 54

It's easy to use

Question 55

What is needed to "recharge" or anabolically build up to ATP?

Answer 55

Energy

Question 56

What is the order from full charged to dead of ATP?

Answer 56

ATP-->ADP-->AMP

Question 57

How many phosphate groups does ADP have?

Answer 57

2

Question 58

What are the 2 specialized processes that complex cells (eukaryotes) utilize energy?

Answer 58

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Question 59

Autotrophs

Answer 59

Make their own food- trapping light energy, make chemical energy (ATP) and using that to build food energy (carbohydrates)

Question 60

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Answer 60

Chloroplast

Question 61

Photosynthesis

Answer 61

Using light from the sun, plants make ATP that will in turn fuel the cells ability to combine water and carbon dioxide to ultimately make sugar

Question 62

What is the general equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 62

6CO2 + 6H2O + ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 | Reactants). (Product

Question 63

Name the 2 stages of photosynthesis

Answer 63

Light dependent reactions and light independent reactions

Question 64

Light reactions

Answer 64

Light energy is used to split hydrogen from water, it takes place in each thylakoid in the chloroplast, products are oxygen, NADPH, and ATP

Question 65

Photolysis

Answer 65

The process of splitting water

Question 66

What is the chemical formula for light dependent reactions?

Answer 66

H2O+NADP+P+ADP-->NADPH+O2+ATP

Question 67

Why is NADP made?

Answer 67

To pick up the hydrogen

Question 68

NADPH

Answer 68

Picks up Hydrogen so it isn't H+

Question 69

What 2 things does the Calvin cycle receive from light dependent reactions

Answer 69

ATP NADPH

Question 70

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

Answer 70

Stroma

Question 71

What is the formula for the Calvin cycle

Answer 71

NADPH+CO2+ATP-->C6H12O6 + NADP + ADP

Question 72

Stomata

Answer 72

Gas exchanges (oxygen and CO2)

Question 73

Differences between aerobic and anaerobic

Answer 73

Aerobic, requires oxygen produces lots of ATP and is more efficient Anaerobic, requires oxygen absence, not much ATP and not efficient

Question 74

Glycolysis

Answer 74

Glucose splitting

Question 75

What does glycolysis do?

Answer 75

Breaks sugar, recharge some used ATP batteries

Question 76

Goal of CAC?

Answer 76

Collects hydrogen and gets rid of waste products

Question 77

Goal of ETC

Answer 77

Use hydrogen to make ATP batteries from scratch

Question 78

Pyruvates of sugar

Answer 78

C3H5O3 2X

Question 79

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 79

Cytoplasm

Question 80

Formula for glycolysis

Answer 80

C6H12O6 + 2 ATP + NAD + ADP + P + --> 2 pyruvates + NADH + 4ATP + ADP + P

Question 81

Citric Acid Cycle formula

Answer 81

Pyruvate + O2 + NAD -->CO2 + NADH

Question 82

Where is CAC done and is it aerobic?

Answer 82

Outside the cristae and yes

Question 83

ETC- hydrogen ions are moved to the cristae using____?

Answer 83

NAD

Question 84

What is the chemical formula for ETC?

Answer 84

Adenine + Ribose + P + P + P + O2 +NADH----> ATP + H2O + NAD

Question 85

Fermentation

Answer 85

An extraction of energy from the pyruvate I. The absence of oxygen

Question 86

Lactic acid fermentation occurs In animals when...

Answer 86

They are in oxygen debt

Question 87

Chemical formula for fermentation in humans

Answer 87

C6h12o6 + ADP + P + 2ATP + NAD--> 2 pyruvates + 4 ATP +ADP + P + NADH -->CO2 + lactic acid

Question 88

Chemical formula for fermentation in yeast

Answer 88

C6H12O6 +2ATP + ADP + P + NAD---> 2 Pyruvates + NADH + 4 ATP + ADP + P--> CO2 + alcohol