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Mammalian Physiology > Ch. 23 PPT Notes > Flashcards

Ch. 23 PPT Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

understanding the process of digestion will help in properly assessing patients with digestive disorders such as … and …

A

acid reflux; heartburn

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2
Q 
main functions of the digestive system: 
take in ... 
break it down into ... 
... molecules into the bloodstream 
rid body of any ...
A

food;
nutrient molecules;
absorb;
indigestible remains

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3
Q

Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups:

1. … (… or … or …)

A

alimentary canal; gastrointestinal; GI tract; gut

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4
Q

Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups:
alimentary canal/GI tract:
continuous muscular tube that runs from the … to the …
…: breaks down into smaller fragments

A

mouth; anus;

digests food

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5
Q

Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups:
alimentary canal/GI tract:
absorbs fragments through … into …

A

lining; blood

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6
Q 
Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups: 
alimentary canal organs: 
... 
... 
... 
... 
... 
... 
...
A 
mouth; 
pharynx; 
esophagus; 
stomach; 
small intestine; 
large intestine; 
anus
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7
Q

Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups:
2. accessory digestive organs:
…
…
…
….: produce secretions that help break down foodstuffs

A

teeth;
tongue;
gallbladder;
digestive glands

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8
Q

Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups:
2. accessory digestive organs:
digestive glands: …, …, and …

A

salivary glands; liver; pancreas

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9
Q

Processing of food involves six essential activities:

  1. …: eating
  2. …: movement of food through the alimentary canal
A

ingestion;

propulsion

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10
Q

Processing of food involves six essential activities:
propulsion includes:
…
…: major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of … and …

A

swallowing;
peristalsis;
contraction; relaxation

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11
Q

Peristalsis:
adjacent segments of the alimentary canal organs alternately … and …:
food is moved … along the tract
primarily …; some … may occur

A

contract; relax;
distally;
propulsive; mixing

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12
Q

segmentation:
… segments of the alimentary canal organs contract and relax:
food is moved …, then …
primarily … food and breaks it down …; some … may occur

A

nonadjacent;
forward; backward;
mixes;
mechanically; propulsion

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13
Q

(digestive processes) mechanical breakdown: includes …, mixing food with …, … food in stomach, and …

A

chewing;
saliva;
churning;
segmentation

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14
Q

(digestive processes) digestion: series of … steps that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
absorption: passage of digested fragments from … into … or …

A

catabolic;
lumen of GI tract;
blood; lymph

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15
Q

(digestive processes)

defecation: elimination of … substances via … in form of feces

A

indigestible; anus

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16
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) peritoneum: … membranes of abdominal cavity that consists of:
…: membrane on external surface of most digestive organs
…: membrane that lines body wall

A

serous;
visceral peritoneum;
parietal peritoneum

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17
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) …: fluid-filled space between two peritoneums; fluid … mobile organs

A

peritoneal cavity;

lubricates

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18
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) …: double layer of peritoneum; layers are … back to back

A

mesentery; fused

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19
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) mesentery:
extends from … to …
provides routes for …, …, and …

A

body wall; digestive organs;

blood vessels; lymphatics; nerves

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20
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum)

mesentery … and also stores …

A

organs in place; fat

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21
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) … (…) organs: organs that are located within the peritoneum

A

intraperitoneal; peritoneal

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22
Q

(relationship of digestive organs to peritoneum) … organs: located outside, or posterior to, the peritoneum
includes most of …, …, and parts of …

A

retroperitoneal; pancreas; duodenum; large intestine

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23
Q

…: inflammation of peritoneum

A

peritonitis

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24
Q

peritonitis:

can be caused by …, …, or …

A

piercing abdominal wound; perforating ulcer;

ruptured appendix

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25
peritonitis: peritoneal coverings ..., which helps ... infection dangerous and lethal if it becomes widespread
stick together; localize
26
peritonitis: | treatment- ... and megadoses of ...
debris removal; antibiotics
27
(histology of the alimentary canal) all digestive organs have the same four basic layers, or tunics: 1. ... 2. ... 3. ... 4. ...
mucosa; submucosa; muscularis externa; serosa
28
``` (histology of the alimentary canal) 1. mucosa: tunic layer that lines ... functions: different layers perform one or all three- secretes ..., ..., and ... ... end products of digestion protects against ... ```
lumen; mucus; digestive enzymes; hormones; absorbs; infectious disease
29
``` (histology of the alimentary canal) 1. mucosa made up of three sublayers: ... ... ... ```
epithelium; lamina propria; muscularis mucosae
30
(histology of the alimentary canal) 1. mucosa- epithelium: ... epithelium and ... cells in most of tract
simple columnar; | mucus-secreting
31
(histology of the alimentary canal) 1. mucosa-epithelium: | ..., ..., and ... are made up of ... epithelium (NOT simple columnar)
mouth; esophagus; anus; | stratified squamous
32
(histology of the alimentary canal) 1. mucosa-epithelium: | secretes ... --> ... digestive organs from ... and ... food passage
mucus; protects; enzymes; eases
33
(histology of the alimentary canal) 1. mucosa-epithelium: | may secrete ... and ... (e.g. in ... and ...)
enzymes; hormones; stomach; small intestine
34
(histology of the alimentary canal) 2. lamina propria: made up of ... tissue rich supply of ... located there --> needed for nourishment and absorption
loose areolar connective; | capillaries
35
(histology of the alimentary canal) 2. lamina propria also contains ... that help defend against microorganisms. these are part of ... (... tissue)
lymphoid follicles; MALT; mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
36
(histology of the alimentary canal) muscularis mucosae: | ... that produces ... movements of ...
smooth muscle; local; mucosa
37
(histology of the alimentary canal) 2. submucosa: consists of ... tissue contains ... and ... vessels, ..., and ... that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
areolar connective; blood; lymphatic; lymphoid follicles; submucosal nerve plexus
38
(histology of the alimentary canal) 2. submucosa: | has abundant amount of ... tissues that help organs to ... after storing large meal
elastic tissues; | regain shape
39
(histology of the alimentary canal) 3. muscularis externa: muscle layer responsible for ... and ... contains ... muscle layer and outer ... layers
segmentation; peristalsis; inner circular; longitudinal
40
(histology of the alimentary canal) 3. muscularis externa: | circular layer thickens in some areas to form ...
sphincters
41
(histology of the alimentary canal) 4. serosa: | ... layer, which is made up of the ...
outermost; visceral peritoneum
42
(histology of the alimentary canal) 4. serosa: | formed from ... tissue covered with ... (single layer of ... epithelium) in most organs
areolar connective; mesothelium; squamous
43
(histology of the alimentary canal) 4. serosa: | replaced by ... in ... --> ... connective tissue that holds this structure to surrounding structures
fibrous adventitia; esophagus; | dense
44
(blood supply: splanchnic circulation) splanchnic circulation includes: arteries that branch off ... to serve digestive organs --> ..., ..., and ... arteries ... and.... arteries
aorta; hepatic; splenic; left gastric; inferior and superior mesenteric
45
(blood supply: splanchnic circulation) splanchnic circulation includes: ... circulation: drains ... blood from digestive organs delivers blood to ... for processing
hepatic portal; nutrient-rich blood; liver
46
GI tract has its own nervous system, referred to as the ... nervous system also called the ... contains more neurons than ...
enteric nervous system; gut brain; spinal cord
47
(enteric nervous system) gut brain is made up of ... that communicate extensively with each other --> major nerve supply to GI tract wall that controls ...
enteric neurons; motility
48
(enteric nervous system) enteric neurons make up bulk of two main interconnecting ... nerve plexuses: ... nerve plexus and ... nerve plexus
intrinsic; submucosal; myenteric
49
(enteric nervous system) submucosal nerve plexus: regulates ... and ... in ... myenteric nerve plexus: controls GI tract ...
glands; smooth muscle; mucosa; | motility
50
(enteric nervous system) | enteric nervous system participates in both ... and ...
short and long reflex arcs
51
(enteric nervous system) enteric NS participates in both short and long reflex arcs: short reflexes: mediated by ... (...); respond to stimuli ...
enteric nerve plexuses; gut brain; in GI tract
52
(enteric nervous system) enteric NS participates in both short and long reflex arcs: long reflexes: respond to stimuli arising ... or ..., such as from ... nervous system
inside; outside of gut; autonomic
53
(enteric nervous system) long refluxes: parasympathetic system ... digestive process sympathetic system ... digestion
enhances; | inhibits
54
(enteric nervous system) external stimuli (sight, smell, taste, thought of food) goes to ... to local (intrinsic) nerve plexus via ... and then goes to effectors (smooth muscle/glands), yielding a response (change in ... or ... activity)
CNS; extrinsic visceral (autonomic) efferents; | contractile; secretory
55
(enteric nervous system) internal stimuli picked up by ..., ..., or ... and travel to CNS and then to local nerve plexus through extrinsic visceral efferents, to effectors to yield a response
chemoreceptors; osmoreceptors; mechanoreceptors;
56
(enteric nervous system) | internal stimuli go to receptors and by ... to local nerve plexus, to effectors, to yield response
short reflexes
57
(enteric nervous system) ... is the site of short reflexes
gastrointestinal wall
58
3 key concepts regulate GI activity: 1. digestive activity is provoked by a range of ... and ... stimuli: ... located in walls of GI tract organs
mechanical; chemical; | receptors
59
3 key concepts regulate GI activity: 1. digestive activity provoked by mechanical/chemical stimuli: respond to ..., changes in ... and ..., and presence of ... and ... of digestion
stretch; osmolarity; pH; substrate; end products
60
3 key concepts regulate GI activity: | 2. effectors of digestive activity are ... and ...
smooth muscle; glands
61
3 key concepts regulate GI activity: 2. effectors of digestive activity: when stimulated, receptors initiate reflexes that stimulate smooth muscle to ... and ... lumen contents reflexes can also activate/inhibit digestive glands that secrete ... or ...
mix; move; | digestive juices; hormones
62
3 key concepts regulate GI activity: | 3. ... (intrinsic and extrinsic) and ... control digestive activity
neurons; hormones
63
3 key concepts regulate GI activity: 3. neurons and hormones control digestive activity: nervous system control intrinsic controls: involve ... (... NS) extrinsic controls: involve ... (... NS)
short reflexes; enteric; | long reflexes; autonomic
64
3 key concepts regulate GI activity: 3. neurons and hormones control digestive activity: hormonal controls: hormones from cells in ... and ... stimulate target cells in same/different organs to ... or ...
stomach; small intestine; | secrete; contract
65
mouth is where food is ... and mixed with ... that begins process of digestion, and ... process is initiated
chewed; enzyme-containing saliva; swallowing
66
``` mouth and associated organs associated organs include: ... ... ... ... ```
mouth; tongue; salivary glands; teeth
67
mouth and associated organs mouth: also called the ... (...) cavity bounded by ... anteriorly, ... laterally, ... superiorly, and ... inferiorly
``` oral; buccal; lips; cheeks; palate; tongue ```
68
mouth and associated organs mouth: ... is the anterior opening walls of mouth lined with ... epithelium
oral orifice; | stratified squamous
69
mouth and associated organs mouth: walls of mouth lined with stratified squamous epithelium: tough cells that resist ... cells of gums, hard palate, and part of tongue are ... for extra protection
abrasion; | keratinized
70
mouth and associated organs lips and cheeks: lips (...): composed of fleshy ... muscle cheeks: composed of ... muscles oral vestibule: recess ... to lips and cheeks, ... to teeth and gums
labia; orbicularis oris; buccinator; internal; external
71
mouth and associated organs lips and cheeks: oral cavity proper: lies within ... and ... ...: median attachment of each lip to gum
teeth; gums; | labial frenulum
72
mouth and associated organs tongue: tongue occupies .. of mouth composed of interlacing bundles of ... muscle
floor; skeletal
73
mouth and associated organs tongue: functions include: ..., ..., and ... of food during chewing formation of ..., mixture of food and saliva initiation of ..., ..., and ...
gripping; repositioning; mixing; bolus; swallowing; speech; taste
74
``` mouth and associated organs tongue: intrinsic muscles change ... of tongue extrinsic muscles alter tongue's ... ...: attachment for tongue to the floor of the mouth ```
shape; position; lingual frenulum
75
...: congenital condition in which children are born with an extremely short lingual frenulum: often referred to as "..." or "..." restricted tongue movement ... treatment: surgical ... of ...
ankyloglossia; tongue-tied; fused tongue; distorts speech; snipping; frenulum
76
``` (salivary glands) functions of saliva: ... mouth ... food chemicals for ... ... food; compacts into ... begins breakdown of starch with enzyme ... ```
cleanses; dissolves; taste; moistens; bolus; amylase
77
(salivary glands) most saliva produced by ... (...) salivary glands located outside oral cavity ... salivary glands are scattered throughout oral cavity; augment slightly
major (extrinsic); | minor
78
(salivary glands) major salivary glands include: ...: anterior to ear and external to masseter muscle ...: medial to body of mandible ...: anterior to submandibular gland under tongue
parotid; submandibular; sublingual
79
(salivary glands) parotid duct opens into ... next to second upper molar submandibular duct opens at base of ... sublingual opens via ... into ... of mouth
oral vestibule; lingual frenulum; 10-12 ducts; floor
80
(salivary glands) salivary glands are composed of two types of secretory cells: ... cells: and ... cells
serous; mucous
81
(salivary glands) serous cells: produce ... secretion, ..., ..., bit of ... mucous cells: produce ...
watery; enzymes; ions; mucin; | mucus
82
(salivary glands) parotid and submandibular glands contain mostly ... cells, but sublingual gland consists mostly of ... cells
serous; mucous
83
(salivary glands) mumps: inflammation of ... caused by the mumps virus (...)
parotid gland; myxovirus
84
(salivary glands) mumps: common ... disease can spread from person to person via ...
children's; | saliva
85
(salivary glands) mumps: symptoms- pain upon trying to ... or ..., moderate ... and pain when swallowing ... foods like pickles, grapefruit, or juice
open mouth; chew; fever; acidic;
86
(salivary glands) mumps in adult males carries a ... risk of infecting ... too, which could lead to ...
25%; testes; sterility

Mammalian Physiology (31 decks)

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