Exam 2 - Lecture Notes Contd

Question 1

blood is considered … bc of its ability to clot

most of its volume is .. - water + solutes/hormones/etc

Answer 1

connective tissue;

plasma

Question 2

platelets aren’t living because they’re fragments of a cell that produces platelets - …

Answer 2

megakaryocyte

Question 3

basic composition of blood determined via hematocrit:
… sample of blood - plasma is at top, intermediate layer is WBCs, bottom layer is RBC layer
values for RBCs change with …

Answer 3

centrifuge;

altitude

Question 4

basic composition of blood determined via hematocrit: … is indicative of illness

Answer 4

elevated buffy coat

Question 5

basic composition of blood determined via hematocrit:
anemia/polycythemia can be detected based on level of RBCs
elevated levels of RBCs = increased … - increases chances of … and …

Answer 5

viscosity; heart attack; stroke

Question 6

immune system is very good at controlling … of immune cells - namely WBCs - which is essential bc the immune response, if unchecked, can be dangerous

Answer 6

regular volume;

Question 7

blood maintains … balance

Answer 7

osmotic

Question 8

… proteins are involved in protecting against infection

complement proteins can protect against meningitis

Answer 8

complement

Question 9

globulins: .., etc; can form …, … proteins

Answer 9

immunoglobulins; ion channels; transport

Question 10

fibrinogen: involved in

Answer 10

blood clotting

Question 11

small quantity of … in blood: we don’t really know its function

Answer 11

arsenic

Question 12

B-cells from bone marrow: if they aren’t activated upon recognizing something that’s foreign, they will … – occurs in a time frame of …

Answer 12

die; 2 weeks

Question 13

… are long term immune cells - potentially last for one’s entire life

Answer 13

memory T or B cells

Question 14

RBCs have protein … that identifies them as RBCs

Answer 14

spectrin

Question 15

more RBCs = … blood

Answer 15

thicker

Question 16

… in the heme pigment is the physical structure that actually binds oxygen

Answer 16

iron atom

Question 17

every RBC at full saturation has about … molecules of oxygen bound
rare to have full saturation

Answer 17

1 billion

Question 18

beta and alpha globulins are structurally similar to …

Answer 18

myoglobin

Question 19

around … % of air that is breathed is oxygen

Answer 19

22

Question 20

carbaminohemoglobin is only about …% of dissolved CO2

Answer 20

20

Question 21

hematopoiesis occurs in bone marrow of … when you’re young, bu as you grow older, the bone marrow is replaced by fat and hemocytoblasts come to reside primarily in …, …, etc

Answer 21

long bones; pelvis; ribs

Question 22

erythropoiesis is result of hormonal signal that indicates that there is a …

Answer 22

decreased oxygen carrying capacity

Question 23

nucleus of reticulocyte stays in … and are … there

Answer 23

bone marrow; phagocytized

Question 24

… leads to hypoxia quickly bc about … RBCs are replaced daily
RBCs are replaced every 4-6 weeks

Answer 24

iron deficiency;

300,000

Question 25

... binds irreversibly to Hb and if too much is inhaled, you have to wait for more RBCs to be formed - long process, recovery would take a while

Answer 25

CO

Question 26

stercobilin is created while bilirubin is in

Answer 26

intestines

Question 27

... are more prone to iron deficiency due to ...

Answer 27

women; menstruation

Question 28

pernicious anemia is a ... disorder that can't be treated orally since B12 cannot be absorbed B12 is essential to ... body is good at recycling B12- can recycle it for about a decade

Answer 28

congenital; | iron absorption

Question 29

leukocytes constantly leave circulatory system to look for ... and if they don't find anything they return to the circulatory system and travel to another part of the body

Answer 29

abnormality

Question 30

a monocyte is an immature

Answer 30

macrophage

Question 31

when granulocytes are stained, ... can be distinguished in cytoplasm that look like grains, which are vesicles containing chemical warfare agents used to fight off pathogens

Answer 31

puncta

Question 32

defensins are ... enzymes

Answer 32

antimicrobial

Question 33

... are the first to arrive when tissue becomes inflamed

Answer 33

neutrophils

Question 34

respiratory burst: neutrophil will move all of its granules to whatever side has made contact with parasite/some other infectious agent and dumps all the granules on them this kills ... as well this respiratory burst process is responsible for ... - ...

Answer 34

neutrophils; | pus; dead neutrophils

Question 35

eosinophils digest parasites from

Answer 35

outside in

Question 36

eosinophils modulate immune response by releasing ... compounds

Answer 36

pharmacological

Question 37

eosinophil granules have large amounts of ...

Answer 37

histamines

Question 38

eosinophils coat themselves with ... and when they bind to something that they're not supposed to the eosinophil will ..., releasing the ...

Answer 38

antibodies; degranulate; histamines

Question 39

eosinophils: bc they target parasites an eosinophil count can indicate if one is suffering from ..

Answer 39

parasitic infection

Question 40

basophils are ... agent to attract WBCs to inflamed areas to maintain ...

Answer 40

chemotactic; | inflammatory response

Question 41

... kills cells involved in viruses/significantly altered self-cells

Answer 41

cytotoxic T cells

Question 42

... tell other cells of immune system what to do - allows for coordinated attach

Answer 42

helper T cells

Question 43

.../... can act as antigen presenting cells - engulf something, digest it, present piece of it as antigen to B/T cell to activate the immune cell that recognizes that foreign tissue

Answer 43

monocytes; macrophages

Question 44

... don’t live that long and when they die another will come and digest it and the process repeats

Answer 44

resident macrophages

Question 45

monocytes, when activated can grow 10-15 times their nonactivated size - facilitates ...

Answer 45

digestions

Question 46

interleukins are ... | Il-2: incredibly potent ... --> leads to ...

Answer 46

cytokines; white blood cell stimulator; clonal proliferation

Question 47

myeloid stem cells manufacture ... and cells that make ...

Answer 47

RBCs; platelets (megakaryocytes)

Question 48

lymphocytic leukemia are from lymphoblasts which are ... cell producers

Answer 48

T and B

Question 49

many enzymes involved in blood clotting are activated by

Answer 49

calcium

Question 50

there is no ... on luminal surface of blood vessel and when the vessel is cut open then these fibers are exposed such that platelets can bind to them

Answer 50

collagen

Question 51

most important part of hemostasis is maintaining ..., not so much the fluid fibrin mesh will allow some ... to leak out before full coagulation occurs

Answer 51

RBC; | plasma

Question 52

platelets capable of contraction, which ..., squeezing serum from the blood clot

Answer 52

pulls fibrin mesh tighter

Question 53

... can help limit spread of procoagulants by removing them from the bloodstream

Answer 53

endothelial cells

Question 54

... are anticoagulants, inhibiting clotting factors such that blood viscosity decreases

Answer 54

blood thinners

Question 55

WBCs leaving circulatory system constantly ... in vessels, such that little ... are forming constantly; platelets close these up

Answer 55

poking holes; hemorrhages

Question 56

hemophilia is ... so its more common in men since they only have one x chromosome

Answer 56

x linked

Question 57

... separate the tunics

Answer 57

elastic membranes

Question 58

vasa vasorum is very tiny circulatory system that surrounds vessels and helps to nourish ... areas of the media provides additional ... and ... to ensure that all of the layers are adequately supplied with blood flow

Answer 58

thick; oxygen; nutrients

Question 59

...: collection of connective tissue that provides ... and helps with ..., allowing tissue to get deformed without rupturing and helping it to return back to its normal length

Answer 59

basement membrane; structural support; elasticity

Question 60

the tunica externa keeps vessels in place, prevents them from ..., which could cause ... also where ... innervate the system

Answer 60

moving around; tearing; | motor nerve fibers

Question 61

... system roughly parallels circulatory system

Answer 61

lymphatic

Question 62

lymphatic vessels have ... that extend into capillary beds without lymphatic system, fluid would simply build up and ... over time system declines with age feet swell when you get up, fluid accumulating in feet

Answer 62

villi; | accumulate

Question 63

...: collecting fluid due to lack of lymphatic emptying

Answer 63

edema

Question 64

... arteries are the largest arteries

Answer 64

elastic

Question 65

no ... receptors in smooth muscle in aorta, because you never want vasoconstriction there

Answer 65

alpha adrenergic receptors

Question 66

elastic arteries contain pressure reservoirs: taking some of the pressure away from the rest of the circulatory system when the heart beats - lowers overall ...

Answer 66

systemic blood pressure

Question 67

cornea doesnt have capillaries so with corneal transplants you don't need ... oxygen that cornea needs simply ... there

Answer 67

immunosuppressants; | diffuses

Question 68

... are there on purpose (fenestration) | ... are not there on purpose (these are called ...)

Answer 68

pores; holes; fistulas

Question 69

``` most digestion (absorption specifically) occurs in ... rather than the stomach so small intestines loaded with ... capillaries ```

Answer 69

small intestine; | fenestrated

Question 70

... secreting things away from tissues so need fenestrated capillaries ... filters hundreds of liters of blood so they have an abundance of fenestrated capillaries

Answer 70

endocrine glands; | kidney

Question 71

sinusoid capillaries in liver bc it has to ... blood, bone marrow bc ... of a lot of blood cells which need to get out of the bone marrow and into the bloodstream proper; spleen is where blood cells go to die so blood cells need to move out of the circulatory system and into the tissue of the spleen so macrophages can check out the RBCS, strip ... off of them and return them to circulation

Answer 71

detoxify; manufacture; antibodies

Question 72

sinusoid capillaries occur anywhere we need to move ...

Answer 72

large things in and out

Question 73

during vascular shunt (...), metarterioles have precapillary sphincters that constrict and block off capillary network, but ... allows for some of the blood to still flow through so that the blood vessels don't die

Answer 73

blocking; | thoroughfare channels

Question 74

metarterioles lead into venules, this is where capillaries come back together: fairly porous; this is where ... will move out of circulatory system and into surrounding tissue

Answer 74

WBCs

Question 75

metarterioles into venules: endothelial cells are fairly porous, few pericytes, this is the one spot in the circulatory system where you don't find completely ...

Answer 75

smooth interior lumen

Question 76

venules have areas called ... (...) - little islands scattered throughout venules that increase SA of venules that cover molecules that are sticky these express more sticky stuff designed to trap WBCs only that are passing by, such that WBCs can ... during the ... response

Answer 76

HEVs; high endothelial venules; | enter the tissue; inflammatory

Question 77

BP very clsoe to ... when approaching the venules, which allows WBCs to take advantage of that stickiness, stop moving, and leave circulatory system and enter tissue

Answer 77

0;

Question 78

media in veins has collagen fibers and elastic networks that allows veins to be extraordinarily elastic such that they can ... to many times their normal size

Answer 78

swell

Question 79

during relaxed state, most of the blood in vessels if you need to mobilize that blood during fight or flight, veins ... such that blood is squeezed out of veins as heart beats faster

Answer 79

constrict

Question 80

... works with arteries, helps force blood down into feet to get blood back up, need fairly high pressure, which you don’t have bc branched into capillary beds - close to 0 mm Hg pressure when approaching venules veins are not continuous and smooth, unlike arteries, have regularly spaced ..., such that valves balloonw ith blood and snap shut when blood enters veins

Answer 80

gravity; | valves

Question 81

heart has to work progressively harder to do same amount of ... when resistance is high

Answer 81

work

Question 82

for every lb of tissue on average, there are about ... mi of blood vessels

Answer 82

1700

Question 83

... have huge impact on overall peripheral resistance

Answer 83

precapillary sphincters

Question 84

... mm difference in pressure with each hearbeat

Answer 84

40

Question 85

systolic and diastolic pressures are not being experienced in equal amounts of time; diastole lasts about ... times as long as systole which is why ... pressure is more substantial

Answer 85

3; diastolic

Question 86

when muscles contract, veins squeezed flat, and valves at bottom are closed, so blood can only flow ... returning more blood when you are moving bc of contraction

Answer 86

up

Question 87

...: at rest parasympathetic system rules, relaxed tone is result

Answer 87

vagal tone