Exam 3 Lec Notes Contd

Question 1

digestion essential for any organism’s survival, unless it’s ../..

Answer 1

photosynthetic; autotrophic

Question 2

digestive system is considered to be … of the body, because it is a …

Answer 2

outside; continuous canal

Question 3

symptoms that very closely resemble … in terms of physical sensations that patients are experiencing can actually be acid reflux/heartburn
intense bit of pain right in … of the chest
uncontrolled spurting of … into the esophagus, burning the esophagus over time

Answer 3

heart attack;
middle;
HCl

Question 4

have to break foodstuffs down into small enough pieces that single cells of the digestive tract can … and make them available to the rest of the body

Answer 4

absorb them into the bloodstream

Question 5

two major groups for organs of digestive system:
alimentary canal/GI tract/gut: continuous series of … that runs from the mouth to the anus; purpose is to … food and … from the lumen of the gut and directly into the blood itself

Answer 5

musculature;
break down;
absorb it

Question 6

digestion requires a number of other systems in order to aid in the various processes GI tract is engaged in –> … organs

Answer 6

accessory digestive

Question 7

accessory digestive organs:
not absolutely essential for survival and digestion
e.g. teeth
tongue mostly just … around mouth
gallbladder stores … which helps in the … of … - making fats …, and breaking them into smaller droplets that are more easily absorbed

Answer 7

moves foodstuffs;
bile salts;
emulsification of fats;
smaller

Question 8

accessory digestive organs:
salivary glands help … food and produce … that help to break down foodstuffs
pancreas produces secretions that help to … foodstuffs - non-essential digestive …

Answer 8

moisten; enzymes;

break down; enzymes

Question 9

accessive digestive organs:
liver- some of its functions IN TERMS OF DIGESTION are not absolutely essential –> other functions are extremely critical; primarily concerned with producing things being stored in the …

Answer 9

gallbladder

Question 10

large intestine consists of …, …, and … colon

Answer 10

ascending; transverse; descending

Question 11

pancreas is …. the stomach

Answer 11

behind

Question 12

food moves from oral/buccal cavity, down into … and into the … –> the process of moving food down this path is called … (this doesn’t occur exclusively in the …)

Answer 12

esophagus; stomach;

peristalsis; esophagus

Question 13

two muscle contraction types in GI tract:
peristalsis; moving … of food –> esophagus … food distally along the tract
segment: instead of having one smooth wave that moves from top to bottom, there is … contraction and relaxation

Answer 13

bolus;
squeezes;
alternating

Question 14

segmentation:
how we’re going to try and help … more of the ingested food; can’t rely fully on chewing/mastication in order to fully break down our food small enough so that we can actively absorb most of the nutrients in that food

Answer 14

mechanically break down

Question 15

food remains in the stomach around ..-… hours; mixing HCl in the stomach with enzymes and food to physically break it down so that it’s small enough to aid in physical absorption of nutrients

Answer 15

4; 6

Question 16

segmentation occurs in the … and …

Answer 16

small and large intestine

Question 17

anything …, containing …, severely … can’t be actively absorbed and is eliminated through defecation

Answer 17

hard; fiber; keratinized

Question 18

stomach churns for a number of hours before it finally relaxes and ejects the food into the …, where the food undergoes waves of segmentation to …, and food is moved through three divisions of the small intestine and then into the large intestine

Answer 18

small intestine;

mix foodstuffs up

Question 19

stomach largely there for … and … of food, not really for digestion. stomach not actively involved in absorbing most of the nutrients you intake– absorbed in …

Answer 19

physical mixing; churning;

small intestine

Question 20

by time food is in large intestine, the … elements have already been absorbed. mostly indigestible materials and things that need to be … from the body in large intestine (e.g. stercobulin)

Answer 20

digestible;

eliminated

Question 21

digestive system concerned with reclaiming as much … as possible

Answer 21

water

Question 22

digestive system is incredibly …, moving through segmentation and peristalsis – wanna make sure that it doesn’t flip over itself when one is engaged in physical activity, don’t want it to wrap up around itself to inhibit further movement of material in GI tract.
want to hold digestive organs relatively in place and want to make sure that while they are moving, that movement is as … as possible –> achieved through the …

Answer 22

mobile;
frictionless;
peritoneum

Question 23

… peritoneum sits on organs themselves

… peritoneum lies on abdominal wall

Answer 23

visceral;

parietal

Question 24

…: double layer of peritoneum; can extend from … of abdominal cavity to … themselves

Answer 24

mesentery; wall; digestive organs

Question 25

mesentery: store more and more ... in interior of mesentery as you age not all organs are located in this mesentery --> ... in peritoneum itself, ... organs are n the back of the peritoneum

Answer 25

fat; intraperitoneal; retroperitoneal

Question 26

peritonitis: inflammation of peritoneum; for the most part, this occurs due to some major ... to GI tract can be caused by extraordinarily severe ... such that stuff from stomach leaks out onto peritoneum if ... this can happen as well --> dumps pathogens, toxic substances

Answer 26

damage; ulcer; appendix bursts

Question 27

peritonitis: fluid won't be as effective when this happens and the organs then can't ... cure: must physically go in and ... (from outside and inside if impaled, or from inside if the damage is interior due to ulcer/ruptured appendix) individual then put on megadoses of antibiotics for weeks to try to kill off anything that has been missed during the debris removal

Answer 27

slide past one another; | remove debris

Question 28

ulcers are caused by ..., not ... proved bc doctor drank a pure culture of the suspected bacteria and developed ulcers and then took antibiotics and cured them

Answer 28

bacterial infection; stress

Question 29

(layers of alimentary canal) mucosa: actual layer that lines the .../physical dead space of the GI tract secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, hormones ... from the lumen protects against infectious disease

Answer 29

lumen; | absorbs

Question 30

``` (layers of alimentary canal) mucosa: 3 sublayers: epithelium - secretes mucus to protect cells from harsh environment that is the GI tract, particularly in the stomach, which has ... (otherwise the cells of the stomach would be digested, and the digestive enzymes would impact those cells as well); mucus also helps to trap any ... that may have come in with the bolus the cells of this layer are ... ```

Answer 30

pH 1 HCl; pathogens; columnar

Question 31

``` (layers of alimentary canal) mucosa: 3 sublayers: epithelium: mucus also acts as a ... - slippery in presence of ... - helps digestion and helps ease movement of food in that segmentation and peristalsis ```

Answer 31

physical lubricant; | water

Question 32

(layers of alimentary canal) mucosa- 3 sublayers: lamina propria: made up of connective tissue that has holes all over the place; in those holes, there are a huge number of ..., which makes absorption very easy, very ... layer of tissue that nutrients have to actually pass through

Answer 32

capillaries; | easy

Question 33

(layers of alimentary canal) mucosa- 3 sublayers: lamina propria: MALT also contained here: mucosa - associated lymphoid tissue --> tiny cells that are hollow interiorly, and inside of these hollow ... cells are tons of ... sitting there, acting like a tiny garrison fro WBCs -- serve similar purpose as ... in the mouth

Answer 33

M; white blood cells; tonsils

Question 34

(layers of alimentary canal) mucosa-3 sublayers: | muscularis: smooth muscle that helps with localized ..., not involved in physical movement of food (?)

Answer 34

relaxation

Question 35

(layers of alimentary canal) submucosa: tubes leading into GI tract (e.g. blood vessels, etc) ... blood vessels here, ... vessels, lymphoid follicles (like the ... of the lymphatic system) and huge amount of nerves which innervate the entire GI track huge innervation is why .../... is so intense

Answer 35

large; lymphatic; capillaries; | cramps; stomach pain

Question 36

(layers of alimentary canal) muscularis externa: muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis ... layer of smooth muscle this is the layer that gets ... and thickens to form .. .that separate out various portions of the GI tract

Answer 36

thickened; expanded; sphincters

Question 37

(layers of alimentary canal) serosa: outermost layer, and is the physical makeup of the visceral peritoneum; sits on ... themselves; in the esophagus, it's not called serosa, it's called the ... which is a slightly denser connective tissue to hold it in place

Answer 37

digestive organs; | adventitia

Question 38

separate set of circulatory tissues called hepatic portal circulation that drain directly off of the ... and ... and travel directly to the liver done because, if there is any substance in a meal that was eaten that is toxic, you don't want that going to the rest of the body, want it to be broken down - take that substance, absorb it directly from meal, and brought to liver as quickly as possible to be ...

Answer 38

stomach; small intestine; broken down by enzymes in the liver (differences in these enzymes is why, for example, people can eat chocolate but dogs can't)

Question 39

enteric nervous system: NS that innervates all of these organs; called the "..."; huge amount of nerves, has more neurons than spinal cord- this is why we intensely feel what's going on in GI tract enteric neurons are very highly ... and ... frequently

Answer 39

second brain; | connected; communicate

Question 40

enteric nervous system: ...: main groupings of nerves submucosal nerve plexus: innervates ... myenteric nerve plexus: primarily concerned with innervating ...

Answer 40

nerve plexuses; submucosa; muscularis externa

Question 41

enteric NS: has two different reflex arcs: short reflex arcs- reflexes that are going to be primarily responding to small stimuli in the GI tract itself (... triggered by short reflex arc when more ... is sensed in the large intestine than should be there- large intestine primarily concerned with absorbing as much water as possible - signal that there's something wrong (e.g. presence of a pathogen that is secreting a substance that is blocking ..., in body's best interest to flush that pathogenic organism out -- this is how ... work))

Answer 41

diarrhea; water; reabsorption of water; enema

Question 42

enteric NS: has two different reflex arcs: long reflex arcs: through both ... and ... innervation para enhances digestion, sympathetic inhibits it by ... out of the GI tract, making it available for .. system

Answer 42

parasympathetic; sympathetic; | squeezing blood

Question 43

enteric NS: short reflex arcs look for what's going on in ... itself chemoreceptors to sense ... mechanoreceptors to make sure things are ... osmoreceptors to sense ...

Answer 43

GI tract; chemicals; physically moving; excess water

Question 44

enteric NS: | long reflex arcs are because of things going on ...; will ... for a meal (e.g. seeing food, tasting it, smelling it)

Answer 44

outside; prep GI tract

Question 45

... and ... of digestion itself will let GI tract know whether the food should move on in digestion or remain in the place it is at the time

Answer 45

beginning; end products

Question 46

long reflex arcs can ../... digestion short reflex arcs - .../... NS controls (doesn't need info from anywhere else) long reflex arcs- ..., stimulation from the ..., from outside of GI tract

Answer 46

activate; inhibit; intrinsic; enteric; extrinsic; brain

Question 47

hormones help control digestive activity - secreted by ... and ...

Answer 47

stomach; small intestine

Question 48

cells of ..., ..., and part of ... have extra layers of keratin for protection: even if they're damaged, they heal faster than any part of the body these cells heal themselves in a matter of ..., rather than days - important bc there are so many dangerous pathogens that enter mouth constantly

Answer 48

gums; hard palate; tongue; | hours

Question 49

... is the physical lumen of mouth

Answer 49

oral vestibule

Question 50

...: physical little pieces of tissue that connect lips to gums

Answer 50

labial frenulum

Question 51

... takes up vast majority of oral cavity itself

Answer 51

tongue

Question 52

... bone attaches to epiglottis, which closes when bolus is swallowed to prevent food from entering ... and causing obstruction

Answer 52

hyoid; | larynx

Question 53

soft palate goes back to form

Answer 53

uvula

Question 54

tongue has two layers of muscle: intrinsic - a lot of human variation with these (e.g. being able to ... one's tongue - because of how intrinsic muscles are ... in interior of tongue - completely ...) extrinsic

Answer 54

roll; layered; genetic

Question 55

tongue attached by floor of mouth by ... --> connective tissue that keeps tongue physically anchored, to prevent swallowing of tongue when swallowing food

Answer 55

lingual frenulum

Question 56

people with severe cases of ankyloglossia can't physically ... past the exterior of oral cavity makes speech very difficult but can be fixed rather easily by snipping ..., to free tongue up from floor of mouth and make it more ...

Answer 56

stick out their tongues; frenulum; extendable

Question 57

saliva allows for physical ... of mouth to remove substances that get stuck during mastication, helps ... food for taste (dry food doesn't have intense flavor, because molecules aren't ... at the same speed as when in aqueous environment so not binding to taste receptors as much) contains ... which breaks down carbs/starches --> physically snips individual monomers from carb chains

Answer 57

cleansing; dissolve; vibrating; amylase

Question 58

most of saliva made by ... salivary glands: | ..., ..., ...

Answer 58

extrinsic; | parotid; submandibular; sublingual

Question 59

... located on either side of the head- huge, produce vast majority of saliva

Answer 59

parotid

Question 60

parotid duct leaves from where ... start to about midway from back row of tooth and secrete saliva from either side of ...

Answer 60

cheeks; | oral cavity

Question 61

submandibular glands have a submandibular duct that comes up right in front of the lingual frenulum lifting of tongue and movement of jaw ... sublingual gland has a number of ducts

Answer 61

squirts saliva

Question 62

salivary glands' proper composed of two types of cells: serous cells produce most of salvia - the ... part, ..., ... (saliva is fairly ... which helps ... in the mouth) and mucin mucous cells: produce mucos

Answer 62

``` watery; amylase ions; salty; kill microorganisms ```

Question 63

mumps: virus that lead to inflammation of ... that leads to .. of these glands spreads through saliva if you try to eat something acidic, that triggers ... and there's a lot of pain

Answer 63

parotid glands; swelling; | salivary reflex