Exam 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards by Gail I

heart depolarizes and contracts completely on its own
achieved via …: holes made of proteins called … which form portal between adjacent cells
allows for spreading of …

gap junctions; connexins; change in voltage

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overall contraction of heart is similar to those in …:
action potentials
important to have more than … heartbeats per second because of the long …

skeletal muscle;
4;
absolute refractory period

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heart has same basic overall architecture as in skeletal muscle:
…, resting membrane potential in cardiac muscle is a little lower than in neurons (… mV) but is still depolarized to … mV
the fact that calcium channels stay open longer means that the cell can take longer to …

fast sodium gated channels;
-90;
30;
reset for another contraction

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for the heart, there is … for depolarization (not actually a … rise)

very few ms; vertical

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the plateau of the action potential is not a

completely flat region

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total length of action potential is longer as is the contractile phase:
must wait for … to inactivate and for … to open– won’t open for at least … ms

slow calcium channels;
very slow voltage gated K+ channels;
100

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at least … longer delay for K+ channels in cardiac muscle as compared to neurons

100x

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… cells that allow for automated contractility have … channels that never …

autorhythmic; slow sodium; fully close

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autorhythmicity referred to as …

pacemaker

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slow sodium channels allow sodium to leak into cell constantly and one it reaches threshold, … open, yielding rising phase of action potential

calcium channels

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unlike every other action potential trace we’ve seen, there’s no … at resting membrane potential because we’re always … into these cells

“resting”; leaking some sodium

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these slow sodium channels are much more numerous and are open in large enough numbers to allow the pacemaker cells to hit threshold all the time
… reach threshold

gradually

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depolarization here is primarily due to … rather than sodium
repolarization again due to …, but there’s no undershoot because by the time repolarization is complete, some … are open again

influx of calcium;
K+ efflux;
slow sodium channels

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different cell types have different rhythms:

channels only differ in … among pacemaker cells but overall mechanism is the same

how long they’re open/closed

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(pacemakers of the heart) SA node: in … – mostly concerned with contraction of …

right atrium;

atria

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(pacemakers of the heart) SA node:

… for the heart - sets … for the rest of the pacemaking cells within the heart

major pacemaker; rhythm;

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(pacemakers of the heart)
SA node:
capable of … – about … timex/min –> falls into normal range for heartbeat
… pacemaker cell in the heart

contracting spontaneously; 75;

fastest

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(pacemakers of the heart) AV node:

located just underneath groove that separates … from … - primarily concerned with contracting …

atria;
ventricles;
ventricles

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(pacemakers of the heart) AV node:
smaller than SA node
takes longer to spread rhythmic signal due to the fact that there are …
receives direct input from …

fewer gap junctions;

SA node

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(pacemakers of the heart)
AV node:
When SA node fires action potential directly on AV node, it doesn’t do anything for about tenth of second - delay is such that atria can be … enough that most of the blood has been squeezed into … before the ventricles contract

squeezed closed enough;

ventricles

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(pacemakers of the heart)
AV node:
depolarization rate is about …% slower than SA node

50;

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(pacemakers of the heart)
AV node:
damage to SA node will not necessarily result in death because … will take over
extreme damage to SA will ensure that without implantation of pacemaker, .. beats/min not typically sufficient for people, so individuals will be winded just from low intensity exertion like walking

AV node;

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(pacemakers of the heart)

larger … per heartbeat in those that are physically fit which is why lower heartbeat occurs in athletes

cardiac output

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(pacemakers of the heart) 
Atrioventricular bundle (...): 
no ... at border between atria and ventricles because we want that .. s delay between SA and AV firing so we don't want these electrically coupled, otherwise, contraction would occur in the entire heart at the same time

bundle of His;
gap junctions;
0.1

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(pacemakers of the heart) right and left bundle branches: carry electrical signals through ... to ... and then back up towards top of each ... branch into ...

interventricular septum; apex; ventricle; purkinje fibers

(pacemakers of the heart) purkinje fibers: these are what go from ... up to ... ... but extremely slow

apex; ventricular wall; | autorhythmic

(pacemakers of the heart) arrhythmia may be result of ... to heart, ..., or just naturally occurring: can run in families typically not life threatening

damage; infection

(pacemakers of the heart)... in bundle of His or AV bundle itself such that atrial and ventricular contractions aren't coupled normally

disturbances

(pacemakers of the heart) ...: heart loses ability to coordinate regular contractions and heart flutters such that there is no ... - not ejecting any blood out of the heart

fibrillation; ' | full contraction

(pacemakers of the heart) almost no SA innervation reaches AV when AV node is damaged and so relying almost completely on ... which can't sustain sufficient rate - more harmful than SA node damage ... not contracting enough to keep you alive

branches; ventricles

(pacemakers of the heart) opening to atria are only places in heart where there are no ...

heart valves

cardioacceleratory innervate both ... and ... itself - allows contraction to be more forceful: innervates ... as well each beat ejection more .../beat

pacemaker cells; heart tissue; coronary arteries; fluid

cardioinhibitory center only innervates ..., not heart muscle because you can't tell hear to contract less forcefully: ... bypasses spinal column itself and directly innervates

pacemakers; | vagus nerve

heart beat trace gives us direct information about how well different areas of the heart are ... and ... with one another

electrically coupled; | coordinated

P wave: initial ... in cardiac cycle - when ... node fires | small plateau in ... interval: where delay occurs between AV and SA firing

depolarization; SA; P-Q;

ventricular contraction when AV node fires indicated by ... | buried in there is another wave when ... occurs - if heart is working properly you never see this

QRS complex; | repolarization

... wave is for ventricular repolarization

another flat line in heart trace when ... and then cycle begins again

fully repolarized

can dissect altered ECG to obtain information about what tissue has been ... in the patient

damaged

no P waves in ... because no wave of depolarization is spreading across atria

junctional rhythm

2nd degree heart block: ... is damaged, small ... - some atrial contraction, some ventricular contraction, but they aren't ... with one another -- EKG where essentially getting ... atrial contractions/ventricular contractions: 2 .../..

``` AV node; QRS complexes; coordinating; 2; 2 P waves/QRS wave ```

those struck by lightning experience the following as far as 60 mins after the strike: ventricular fibrillation: wild fluctuation in ..., waves ...

contraction intensity; closely spaced together

defibrillator only ... does not start new ...

stops fibrillation; heartbeat

restart heart by ... stimulating and giving dose of ...;

mechanically; adrenaline

heart murmurs developed later in life is typically due to ... (e.g. scarlet fever- protein outside of this pathogen that resembles protein on heart valve - ... - immune system attacks heart valves after infection) heart no longer functioning as efficient mechanical pump

infection; | molecular mimicry

direction of sound waves coming from each of the ... is where stethoscope is placed when listening to heart sounds

heart valves

when AV valves are open attracting force of ... pulls fluid into ventricles - due to ... force as well no .. present in circulatory system this is why you can survive with SA node damage

H-bonding; vacuum force; air

beta blockers block ... receptors

beta 1 adrenergic

hypertension increases pressure ventricles have to exert to overcome pressure in

SL valves

...factors are the hormones that regulate heartbeat

chronotropic

acetylcholine is a ... chronotropic factor: | K+ efflux makes it ... for heart to contract which ... heart rate

negative; harder;' decreases

larger than average amount of blood flowing into atria (e.g. when you spontaneously jump up from seated position) --> increase ... in SA node --> activate ... and ... heart rate Heart "assumes" there's a reason as to why you jumped up

stretch; atrial reflex; increases

thyroxine has ... effect with norepi and epi - this is why thyroxine is main ... hormone increasing basal metabolic rate by ...

synergistic; metabolic; increasing heartrate

generally around ... bpm or less typically not adequate for maintaining consciousness

... can be indicative of problem with heart's conduction system/dampening of ... center

bradycardia; cardioacceleratory

CHF: over course of number of years, heart is weakened to the point that it can't ... forcefully enough to maintain adequate circulation: typically due to persistent ... which is why this condition is considered silent killer baroreceptors don't know this- they only respond to momentary changes in pressure

contract; | high blood pressure

don't want heart to be ... than its supposed to be - heart pushes up against the rest of thorax and can't expand as much as it needs to such that it must contract even more forcefully --> over time ... heart and it eventually dies

larger; | weakens

...: looking for fatty deposits, if they're too occluded, they will do open heart surgery and will take veins from ... and use them for the heart stent is less invasive --. goes through ... artery instead of doing open heart surgery many stents coated with drugs that prevent further fat deposits - these drugs last a long time

coronary bypass; legs femoral artery;

...: site of gas exchange

alveoli

beginning of respiratory system starts at the ...: system has only one proper exit and entrance, the mouth isn't intended for respiration, it's mostly concerned with digestion ... lead into nasal cavity

nose; | nostrils

lungs sit in ..., and are superior to the ...

pleura; diaphragm

respiratory zone is where ... occurs

actual diffusion of gases

changes in volume of chest are what allow for ... of air --> due to ... movement (mainly diaphragm, but intercostal muscles are involved in that they change ... of the chest as one breathes)

physical movement; muscle; elasticity

nose's primary job is to act as opening for gas to enter: nasal passages are covered in ... tons of .. in nasal cavity because the nasal passages are actually responsible for not only ... the air, but ... cold air that comes into respiratory system. otherwise, there would a risk of, if inhaling cold air, freezing/partially freezing and damaging lung tissue with each breath

mucus; blood vessels; moistening; warming;

nose has ... to filter and clean air | nasal cavity is responsible for ... in voice, this is why having a stuffy nose changes what your voice sounds like

nose hairs; | resonation

...: soft tissue that vibrates in the back of nasal cavity | ... is physical vibration of this tissue

soft palate; | snorting

...: lumen of the nasal cavity

vestibule

...: mucosal tissue that lines everything all the way back to the very back of the nasal cavity loaded with ..., secretes ...

olfactory mucosa; capillaries; mucus

epithelial cells of respiratory mucosa warm and moisten air and also secrete ... materials called ... and ... --> lyse bacteria open part of the ... immune system, that provide immunity against things that enter the body with every breath

antimicrobial; lysozyme; defensins; innate

epithelial cells of respiratory mucosa are ... --> protrusions that beat in one direction (toward the ...) to secrete mucus in that direction

ciliated; | back of the throat

when too much "stuff" has accumulated in the nose, ... is triggered cilia are no longer able to ..., they sense that and trigger a sneeze

sneezing; | beat mucus backward

reclaiming ... with each exhalation --> the conchae are so convoluted, so that when air passes out of the nose and over those little folds, some of the ... is reclaimed

reclaiming body heat; | heat

the small amount of time the air spends in lungs, it gets a little ... than blood vessels in nose (heat travels from regions of ... temp to regions of ... temp, which is why reclamation of heat can occur)

hotter; higher; lower ;

...: all nose, nasal cavity

nasopharynx

...: now both food and air are present | ... distributed around area of palatine tonsils, to provide protection against pathogens

oropharynx; | WBC

...: where larynx meets the pharynx

laryngopharynx

olfactory receptors only occupy a very ... in nasal cavity

small space

trachea provides an area of ... structure that is difficult to ... to continuously allow air to go to lungs has ...

hard; ' collapse ; cartilaginous rings

voice is produced in ...

larynx

... sits in Adam's apple

thyroid gland

laryngeal prominence (adam's apple) is present in any human being that has a large amount of ... in blood for an extended period of time

free flowing testosterone

proper name for vocal cords are ... | vocal folds ... when air is passed over them to produce sound

vocal folds; | vibrate

more ... than actual ... folds

vestibular folds; vocal

... and ... vocal cords = higher pitch of voice | ... and not as ... = lower pitch of voice

shorter; tighter; | longer; nost as tight

different resonances determined by

various chambers in head

vocal folds act as ... to close glottis

muscular sphincter

valsalva's maneuver occurs unconsciously when ... or when you're ...

emptying bowels; upside down

trachea is the ... to the lungs proper

physical conducting zone

cartilaginous rings of trachea are not ..., shaped like C, ... connect the posterior parts of them

fully closed; | trachealis muscles

contraction of trachealis muscle forces air through it faster --

coughing

...: has elaborate shape that allows the two branches to go to each of the lungs

carina

trachea now sweeps mucous ... (the job is to get mucus ...)

up; out of the lungs

...: where all the "stuff" enters the lungs | bronchial tubes, nerves, lymph, etc

hilum

left side of lungs has to accomodate space of .. and thus has fewer lobes and fewer branches

heart

right bronchus is more ... with trachea than the left bronchus and is thus more susceptible to .../...

vertical; | lodging; blockages

... connect each one of the alveoli in alveolar sac --> ensure that alveolar sac can still ... and participate in gas exchange even if one of the pores/alveoli is occluded

alveolar pores; | inflate;

most of alveolar sac is ... --> lungs have very large ... but very small ... --> need it to be mostly empty, so you can get as much air as possible when breathing

empty space; volume; mass

breathing in entails contraction of various muscles: thoracic volume ... and pulls on tissue of lungs themselves pleura is being ... and lungs stretch, increasing intrapulmonary volume, creating momentary negative intrapulmonary pressure air flows into lungs to try to ... pressure

increases; pulled apart; equalize

forced expiration is an active process that uses

abdominal muscles

...: resistance of flow of air in and out of the lungs

airway resistance

....: surface tension of the fluid that's actually on the alveoli

alveolar surface tension

...: how stretchy/elastic the lungs actually are

lung compliance

high ... allows for air to flow without being impeded

cross sectional area

alveoli have to be ..., otherwise efficient diffusion won't occur

wet

if alveoli is just wet with water, water is so "sticky" that high surface tension will cause alveoli to ...

collapse

surfactant: soapy substance (it's a lipid), has a .. and ... portion, this is mixed with... in the lungs

polar; nonpolar; water

surfactant: detergents inhibit .. and prevent surface tension of water water is thus less ... and there's less pressure and force pulling the alveoli towards one another

H bonding | cohesive

surfactant is produced by ... cells

type II alveolar

premature babies that come about ... weeks early have yet to produce ... cells to produce enough surfactant- must be put in an incubator that provides surfactant to the baby until the lungs are developed enough to produce surfactant on its own

6; | type II alveolar

fibrosis is caused by ..., ..., or exposure to certain ... (such as cement dust, asbestos)

smoking; air pollution; | environmental toxins

lung compliance is either reduced due to some ... or it's ...

genetic component; environmental

decreased flexibility of thoracic cage is caused by inability to expand thoracic cage on your own because of ...

weight

Exam 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards

(112 cards)