Ch. 22 PPT Notes Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
(respiration) involves both the … and the … systems
four processes that supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2
A
respiratory; circulatory
2
Q
(respiration 4 major process) 1. … (…): movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. …: O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and lungs and the blood
A
pulmonary ventilation; breathing;
external respiration
3
Q
(respiration 4 major process)
- …: O2 and CO2 in the blood
- …: O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
A
transport;
internal respiration
4
Q
(respiratory system: functional anatomy) Major organs: ..., ..., and ... ... ... ... ... and their ... ... and ...
A
nose; nasal cavity; paranasal sinuses; pharynx; larynx; trachea; bronchi; branches; lungs; alveoli;
5
Q
… zone: site of gas exchange
microscopic structures of this zone: …, …, and …
A
respiratory;
respiratory bronchioles; alveolar ducts; alveoli
6
Q
… zone: conduits to gas exchange sites
includes all other respiratory structures
A
conducting
7
Q
respiratory muscles: … and other muscles that promote ventilation
A
diaphragm
8
Q
(the nose) functions:
- provides an … for respiration
- … and … the entering air
A
airway;
moistens; warms
9
Q
(the nose) functions:
- … and … inspired air
- serves as a … for speech
- houses …
A
filters; cleans;
resonating chamber;
olfactory receptors
10
Q
(the nose) two regions: … and …
A
external nose; nasal cavity
11
Q
(the nose) 1. external nose: …, …, …, and …
A
root;
bridge;
dorsum nasi;
apex
12
Q
(the nose) 1. external nose:
…: a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex
… (…): bounded laterally by the alae
A
philtrum;
nostrils; nares
13
Q
(the nose) 2. nasal cavity: in and posterior to the external nose: divided by a ... Roof: ... and ... bones floor: ... and ...
A
midline nasal septum;
ethmoid; sphenoid;
hard; soft palates
14
Q
(the nose) …: nasal cavity superior to the nostrils
… filter coarse particles from inspired air
A
vestibule;
vibrissae
15
Q
(the nose) …:
lines the superior nasal cavity
contains …
A
olfactory mucosa;
smell receptors
16
Q
(nasal cavity) respiratory mucosa:
… epithelium;
mucous and serous secretions contain … and …
A
pseudostratified ciliated columnar;
lysozyme; defensins
17
Q
(nasal cavity) …. move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat
inspired air is warmed by …
sensory nerve endings triggers …
A
cilia;
plexuses of capillaries and veins;
sneezing
18
Q
(functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae) during inhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa have 3 functions:
- …
- …
- …
A
filter;
heat;
moisten air
19
Q
(functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae) during exhalation these structures: …
A
reclaim heat and moisture
20
Q
(pharynx) muscular tube that connects to the
… and … superiorly
… and … inferiorly
A
nasal cavity; mouth;
larynx; esophagus
21
Q
(pharynx) from the … of the skull to the level of the …
A
base of the skull;
sixth cervical vertebra
22
Q
(oropharynx) passageway for food and air from the level of the … to the …
lining of … epithelium
A
soft palate; epiglottis;
stratified squamous
23
Q
(oropharynx) … in the lateral walls of fauces
… on the posterior surface of the tongue
A
palatine tonsils;
lingual tonsil
24
Q
(laryngopharynx) passageway for .. and …
posterior to the …
A
food; air;
upright epiglottis
25
(laryngopharynx) extends to the ..., where it is also continuous with the ...
larynx; esophagus
26
(larynx) attaches to the ... bone and opens into the ...
| continuous with the ...
hyoid bone; laryngopharynx;
| trachea
27
(larynx) functions:
1. provides a ...
2. routes air and food into proper channels
3. ...
patent airway;
| voice production
28
(larynx) cartilages of the larynx:
... cartilage except for the epiglottis
... cartilage with ... prominence (adam's apple)
ring-shaped ... cartilage
hyaline;
thyroid; laryngeal;
cricoid
29
(larynx) ...: elastic cartilage; covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
epiglottis
30
(larynx) voice ligaments:
attach the ... cartilages to the ... cartilage
contain ... fibers
arytenoid; thyroid;
| elastic
31
(larynx) voice ligaments:
form core of ... (... vocal cords)
opening between them is the ...
vocal folds; true;
| glottis
32
(larynx) voice ligaments:
| folds vibrate to produce ... as air rushes up from the ...
sound; lungs
33
(larynx) ... folds (false vocal cords):
superior to the ...
no part in sound production
help to close the glottis during ...
vestibular;
vocal folds;
swallowing
34
(voice production) speech: intermittent release of ... while opening and closing the ...
pitch is determined by the ... and ... of the vocal cords
expired air; glottis;
| length; tension
35
(voice production) loudness depends upon the ...
force of air
36
(voice production) chambers of ..., ..., ..., and ... cavities amplify and enhance sound quality
pharynx; oral; nasal; sinus
37
(voice production) sound is "shaped" into language by muscles of the ..., ..., ..., and ...
pharynx; tongue; soft palate; lips
38
(larynx) vocal folds may act as a ... to prevent air passage
example: ... maneuver
sphincter;
| valsalva's
39
(larynx) valsalva's maneuver:
glottis closes to prevent ...
... contract
... pressure rises
exhalation;
abdominal muscles;
intra-abdominal pressure
40
(larynx) valsalva's maneuver:
| helps to ... or ... the trunk during heavy lifting
empty the rectum; stabilizes
41
(trachea) windpipe: from the ... into the ...
larynx; mediastinum
42
(trachea) wall composed of three layers;
...: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
...: connective tissue with seromucous glands
...: outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
mucosa;
submucosa;
adventitia
43
(trachea) trachealis muscle:
connects ... parts of ....
contracts during coughing to ...
posterior; cartilage rings;
| expel mucus
44
(trachea) ...: last tracheal cartilage
| point where trachea branches into two ...
carina;
| bronchi
45
(bronchi and subdivisions) air passages undergo ... orders of branching
branching pattern called the ...
23;
| bronchial (respiratory) tree
46
(conducting zone structures) trachea: right and left main (...) ...
primary; bronchi
47
(conducting zone structures) each main bronchus enters the ... of one lung:
right main bronchus is ..., ..., and more ... than the left
hilum;
wider;
shorter;
vertical
48
(conducting zone structures) each main bronchus branches into ... bronchi (... right, ... left)
lobar (secondary); three; two;
49
(conducting zone structures) each lobar bronchus supplies
one lobe
50
(conducting zone structures) each lobar bronchus branches into ... bronchi, which divide repeatedly
segmental; tertiary;
51
(conducting zone structures) bronchioles are less than ... in diameter
terminal bronchioles are the smallest, less than ... diameter
1 mm;
| 0.5 mm
52
(conducting zone structures) from bronchi through bronchioles, structural changes occur:
cartilage rings give way to ...; cartilage is ... from bronchioles
plates; absent
53
(conducting zone structures) from bronchi, through bronchioles, structural changes occur:
epithelium changes from ... to ...; ... and ... cells become sparse
pseudostratified columnar; cuboidal; cilia; goblet
54
(conducting zone structures) from bronchi through bronchioles, structural changes occur:
relative amount of ... increases
smooth muscle
55
(respiratory zone) respiratory ..., ..., ... (clusters of alveoli)
bronchioles;
alveolar ducts;
alveolar sacs
56
(respiratory zone) about 300 million alveoli account for most of the lungs' ... and are the main site for ...
volume;
| gas exchange
57
(respiratory membrane)
about 0.5 micrometer thick ...
... and ... walls and their fused ...
air-blood barrier;
| alveolar; capillary; basement membranes
58
(respiratory zone) alveolar walls;
single layer of ... (... cells)
scattered type II cuboidal cells secrete ... and ... proteins
squamous epithelium; type I;
| surfactant; antimicrobial
59
(lungs) occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the ...
...: site of vascular and bronchial attachments
... surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
mediastinum;
root;
costal surface
60
(lungs) ...: superior tip
| ..: inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
apex;
| base
61
(lungs) ...: on mediastinal surface; site for attachment of ..., ..., ..., and ...
```
hilum;
blood vessels;
bronchi;
lymphatic vessels;
nerves
```
62
(lungs) ... of left lung: concavity that accommodates the heart
cardiac notch
63
(lungs) ... is smaller, separated into ... lobes by an oblique fissure
left lung;
| two
64
(lungs) right lung has ... lobes separated by ... and ... fissures
3;
| oblique; horizontal
65
(lungs) ... segments (... right, ... left)
bronchopulmonary; 10; 8-9
66
(lungs) ... are the smallest subdivisions; served by ... and their branches
lobules; bronchioles
67
(blood supply) pulmonary circulation (... pressure, ... volume)
pulmonary arteries deliver ..... blood
low; high;
| systemic venous
68
(blood supply) pulmonary arteries:
branch profusely, along with bronchi
feed into the ...
pulmonary veins carry ... blood from ... to the heart
pulmonary capillary networks;
oxygenated;
respiratory zones
69
(blood supply) systemic circulation (... pressure, ... volume)
bronchial arteries provide ... blood to ...
high; low;
| oxygenated; lung tissue
70
(blood supply) systemic circulation:
bronchial arteries:
arise from ... enter the lungs at the ...
supply all lung tissue except the ...
aorta;
hilum;
alveoli
71
(blood supply) bronchial veins anastomose with ...
| pulmonary veins carry most ... blood back to the heart
pulmonary veins;
| venous
72
(pleurae) thin, double layered serosa
... on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm
... on external lung surface
parietal pleura;
| visceral pleura
73
(pleurae)
... fills the slitlike pleural cavity:
provides ... and ...
pleural fluid;
| lubrication; surface tension
74
(mechanics of breathing) pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases:
...: gases flow into the lungs
...: gases exit the lungs
inspiration;
| expiration
75
...: pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
| ... at sea level
atmospheric pressure;
| 760 mm Hg
76
respiratory pressures are described relative to ...
... is less than Patm
... is greater than Patm
... = Patm
Patm;
negative respiratory pressure;
positive respiratory pressure;
zero respiratory pressure
77
intrapulmonary (...) pressure (Ppul):
pressure in the ...
fluctuates with ...
always eventually ... with ...
intra-alveolar; '
alveoli;
breathing; '
equalizes; Patm
78
intrapleural pressure (Pip):
pressure in the ...
fluctuates with ...
always a ... pressure (.. and ... )
pleural cavity;
breathing;
negative;
79
(intrapleural pressure) negative Pip is caused by opposing forces:
1. two inward forces promote lung collapse: ... of lungs decreases lung size, ... reduces alveolar size
elastic recoil;
| surface of alveolar fluid
80
(intrapleural pressure) negative Pip is caused by opposing forces:
2. one outward force tends to enlarge the lungs:
... pulls the thorax outward
elasticity of the chest wall
81
(pressure relationships) if ... the lungs collapse
Pip = Ppul
82
(pressure relationships)
| ... = transpulmonary pressure
Ppul - Pip
83
(pressure relationships) transpulmonary pressure:
keeps the ...
the greater the transpulmonary pressure, the ... the lungs
airways open;
| larger
84
... (lung collapse) is due to
... --> collapse of ...
wound that admits air into pleural cavity (...)
atelectasis;
plugged bronchioles; alveoli;
pneumothorax
85
(pulmonary ventilation)
... and ...
mechanical processes that depend on ... in the thoracic cavity
inspiration; expiration;
| volume changes
86
(pulmonary ventilation)
volume changes --> ... changes
pressure changes --> ... to ...
pressure;
| gases flow; equalize pressure
87
(boyle's law) the relationship between the ... and ... of a gas
pressure; volume
88
(boyle's law) pressure varies ... with volume:
| ... = ...
inversely;
| P1V1 = P2V2
89
(inspiration) an ... process:
inspiratory muscles ...
... increases
active;
contract;
thoracic volume
90
(inspiration) lungs are ... and ... increases
stretched; intrapulmonary volume
91
(inspiration) intrapulmonary pressure ... (to ... mm Hg)
| air flow s into the lungs, ..., until ... = ...
drops; -1;
down its pressure gradient;
Ppul = Patm
92
(inspiration)
1. inspiratory muscles contract (... descends; ... rises)
2. thoracic cavity volume increases
3. lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
4. intrapulmonary pressure drops to - 1 mm HG
5. air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is ... (equal to atmospheric pressure)
diaphragm; rib cage;
| 0
93
(inspiration) changes in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior dimensions:
ribs are ... and sternum ... as external intercostals ...
diaphragm moves ... during contraction
elevated; flares; contract;
| inferiorly
94
(expiration) quiet expiration is normally a ... process:
inspiratory muscles ...
thoracic cavity volume ...
passive;
relax;
decreases
95
(expiration) elastic lungs ... and intrapulmonary volume ...
Ppul ... to ... mm Hg
air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until ...
recoil;
decreases;
rises; +1;
Ppul = 0
96
(expiration) note: forced expiration is an ... process: it uses .. and ... muscles
active;
| abdominal; internal intercostal muscles
97
(expiration) sequence of events:
1. inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm ...; rib cage ... due to recoil of ...)
2. thoracic cavity volume decreases
3. elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases
4. intrapulmonary pressure rises +1 mm Hg
5. air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
rises;
descends;
costal cartilages
98
(expiration) changes in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior dimensions:
ribs and sternum are ... as external intercostals ...
diaphragm moves ... as it relaxes
depressed;
relax;
superiorly
99
intrapulmonary pressure:
pressure inside lung ... as lung volume increases during inspiration;
pressure ... during expiration
decreases;
| increases
100
intrapleural pressure:
pleural cavity pressure becomes more ... as chest wall expands during inspiration.
returns to ... as chest wall recoils
negative;
| initial value
101
volume of breath:
| during each breath, the pressure gradients move ... of air into and out of the lungs
0.5 L
102
(physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation)
inspiratory muscles consume energy to overcome three factors that hinder air passage and pulmonary ventilation:
1. ...
2. ...
3. ...
airway resistance;
alveolar surface tension;
lung compliance
103
(airway resistance) ... is the major nonelastic source of resistance to gas flow
friction
104
(airway resistance) the relationship between flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (P), is
F = ..
delta P/R
105
(airway resistance) delta P is the pressure gradient between the ... and the ... (... mm HG or less during normal quiet breathing)
atmosphere; alveoli;
| 2
106
(airway resistance) gas flow changes ... with resistance
inversely
107
(airway resistance) resistance is usually insignificant because of:
... in the first part of the conducting zone
progressive .. of airways as they get smaller, increasing the total ...
large airway diameters;
branching;
cross-sectional area
108
(airway resistance) resistance disappears at the ... where ... drives gas movement
terminal bronchioles;
| diffusion
109
(airway resistance) as airway resistance rises, breathing movements become more ...
strenuous
110
(airway resistance) severely constricting or obstruction of bronchioles can prevent life-sustaining ..., can occur during ... and stop ...
ventilation; acute asthma attacks; ventilation
111
(airway resistance) epinephrine ... bronchioles and ... air resistance
dilates; reduces
112
(alveolar surface tension) surface tension:
attracts liquid molecules to one another at a ...
resists any force that tends to ... of the liquid
gas-liquid interface;
| increase the surface area
113
(alveolar surface tension) surfactant:
| ...-like ... and ... complex produced by ... cells
detergent; lipid; protein; type II alveolar
114
(alveolar surface tension)
surfactant:
reduces ... of alveolar fluid and discourages ...
surface tension;
| alveolar collapse
115
(alveolar surface tension)
surfactant:
insufficient quantity in ... causes ... syndrome
premature infants;
| infant respiratory distress
116
(lung compliance) a measure of the change in ... that occurs with a given change in ...
lung volume; transpulmonary pressure
117
(lung compliance) normally high due to:
... of the lung tissue
...
distensibility;
| alveolar surface tension
118
```
(lung compliance)
diminished by:
... (...)
reduced production of ...
decreased ... of the thoracic cage
```
nonelastic scar tissue; fibrosis;
surfactant;
flexibility
