Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 26 Flashcards by Gail I

(organs of the urinary system) …: produces …

kidney; urine

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(organs of the urinary system) …: transports urine toward the …

ureter; urinary bladder

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(organs of the urinary system) …: temporarily stores urine prior to …

urinary bladder;

urination

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(organs of the urinary system) …: conducts urine to …; in males, also transports ….

urethra;
exterior;
semen

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(urinary system functions) three functions of the urinary system:

…: removal of organic wastes from body fluids
…: discharge of waste products
…: of blood plasma volume and solute concentration

excretion;
elimination;
homeostatic regulation

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(urinary system functions) functions of the urinary system:
…: organs that produce urine
…: organs that eliminate urine

kidneys;

urinary tract

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(urinary system functions) functions of the urinary system: 
urinary tract consists of: 
... (paired tubes) 
... (muscular sac) 
... (exit tube)

ureters;
urinary bladder;
urethra

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(urinary system functions) functions of the urinary system:
… or … - process of eliminating urine
… of muscular urinary bladder forces urine through …, and out of body

urination; micturition;
contraction;
urethra

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(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of the urinary system:
regulates … and …
by adjusting … lost in urine
releasing … and …

blood volume; blood pressure;
volume of water;
erythropoietin; renin

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(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of the urinary system:
regulates … concentrations
…, …, and … ions (by controlling quantities lost in urine)

plasma ion;
sodium;
potassium;
chloride

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(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of the urinary system:
regulates plasma ion concs.:
… ion levels (through synthesis of …, active version of …, made by the …)

calcium;
calcitriol;
vit. D;
kidneys

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(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of urinary system:
helps stabilize … - by controlling loss of … ions and … ions in urine

blood pH;
hydrogen;
bicarbonate

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(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of urinary system:
conserves … –> by preventing … while excreting …

valuable nutrients;
excretion;
organic waste products

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(urinary system functions) homeostatic functions of urinary system:
assists … in …

liver; detoxifying poisons

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(the kidneys) typical adult kidney:

about … cm long, … cm wide, and … cm thick (… in * … in * … in)

10; 
5.5; 
3; 
4; 
2.2; 
1.2

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(the kidneys) typical adult kidney:

weighs about … g (… oz)

150; 5.25

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(the kidneys) hilum: point of entry for … and …

point of exit for … and …

renal artery; renal nerves;

renal vein; ureter

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filtration occurs exclusively in the …, across the filtration membrane
water reabsorption occurs primarily along the … and the … of the nephron loop, but also to a variable degree in the … and … system

renal corpuscle; 
PCT; 
descending limb; 
DCT; 
collecting

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variable water reabsorption occurs in the … and …

DCT;

collecting system

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solute reabsorption occurs along the …, the … of the nephron loop, the …, and the …

PCT; ascending limb;
DCT;
collecting system

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variable solute reabsorption or secretion occurs at the …, the …, and the …

PCT;
DCT;
collecting system

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(the kidneys) blood supply to the kidneys:

kidneys receive …-… percent of total cardiac output

20; 25

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(the kidneys) blood supply to the kidneys:
… mL of blood flows through kidneys each minute - … L per day so all blood plasma is filtered about … times per day

1200;
180;
60

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(the kidneys) Blood supply to the kidneys:

kidney receives blood through …

renal artery

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(the kidneys) The nephron: consists of ... and ...

renal tubule; renal corpuscle

(the kidneys) the nephron: renal tubule: long ... passageway begins at ....

tubular; | renal corpuscle

``` (the kidneys) the nephron: renal corpuscle: spherical structure consisting of: .... (....) ...-shaped chamber ... (...) ```

glomerular capsule; Bowman's capsule; cup; capillary network; glomerulus

``` (the kidneys) glomerulus: consists of ... intertwining capillaries blood delivered via ... blood leaves in .... ```

50; afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole

(the kidneys) glomerulus: blood leaves in efferent arteriole: flows into ...., which drains into ... and return blood to venous system

peritubular; | small venules

(the kidneys) each nephron: | empties into the ... --> a series of tubes that carries tubular fluid away from nephron

collecting system

(the kidneys) each nephron: collecting ducts: receive ... from ...

fluid; many nephrons

``` (the kidneys) each nephron: each collecting duct: begins in .... descends into ... carries fluid to .... that drains into a ... ```

cortex; medulla; papillary duct; minor calyx

(the kidneys) cortical nephrons: ... % of all nephrons located mostly within ... of kidney

85; | superficial cortex

``` (the kidneys) cortical nephrons: nephron loop (...) is relatively ... efferent arteriole delivers blood to a network of ... ```

loop of Henle; short; peritubular capillaries

(the kidneys) juxtamedullary nephrons: ... percent of nephrons; nephron loops extend .... peritubular capillaries connect to ...

15; deep into medulla; vasa recta

(the kidneys) the renal corpuscle: | each renal corpuscle is ...-... micrometers in diameter

150; 250

``` (the kidneys) the renal corpuscle: glomerular capsule: is connected to initial segment of ... forms outer wall of ... encapsulates .... ```

renal tubule; renal corpuscle; glomerular capillaries

(the kidneys) the renal corpuscle: | ...: knot of capillaries

glomerulus

(the kidneys) the visceral epithelium: consists of large cells (...): with complex processes or "feet" (...) that wrap around specialized dense layer of ...

podocytes; pedicels; glomerular capillaries

(the kidneys) ....: narrow gaps between adjacent pedicels

filtration slits

(the kidneys) filtration slits: | materials passing out of blood at glomerulus - must be small enough to pass between ....

filtration slits

(the kidneys) the glomerular capillaries: | are ... capillaries - contains ...-diameter pores

fenestrated; | large

(the kidneys) blood flow control: special supporting cells (... cells): between ... control ... and rate of ...

mesangial; adjacent capillaries; diameter; capillary blood flow

(the kidneys) filtration: | blood pressure --> forces ... and ... across membrane into ...

water; small solutes; capsular space

(the kidneys) filtration: blood pressure: ... solutes, such as ..., are excluded

larger; | plasma proteins

(the kidneys) filtration at renal corpuscle: is ... solutes enter ... --> ... and excess ...

passive; capsular space; metabolic wastes; ions

(the kidneys) filtration at renal corpuscle: solutes enter capsular space: ..., free ..., ..., and ...

glucose; free fatty acids; amino acids; vitamins

(the kidneys) reabsorption: useful materials are ... before filtration leaves kidneys reabsorption occurs in ...

recaptured; | proximal convoluted tubule

(the kidneys) the proximal convoluted tubule: the first segment of ... entrance to PCT lies opposite point of connection of ... and ... with ...

renal tubule; afferent and efferent arterioles; glomerulus

(the kidneys) the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): functions in ... ... substances into lumen

reabsorption; | secretes

(the kidneys) the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): | absorb ..., ..., ..., and ... from tubular fluid

organic nutrients; ions; water; plasma proteins

(the kidneys) the proximal convoluted tubule: | release them into ... (interstitial fluid around ....)

peritubular fluid; | renal tubule

(the kidneys) the nephron loop (loop of Henle): renal tubule turns toward ... descending limb: fluid flows toward ....

renal medulla; | renal pelvis

(the kidneys) the nephron loop: ascending limb: fluid flows toward ... create ... in peritubular fluid

renal cortex; | high solute concentrations

(the kidneys) each limb contains: thick segment - pumps ... and ... ions out of tubular fluid thin segment - are freely permeable to ..., not to ...

sodium; chloride; water; solutes

(the kidneys) each limb contains: | thin segment - water movement helps ...

concentrate tubular fluid

(the kidneys) the distal convoluted tubule: the ... segment of the renal tubule initial portion passes between ... and ...

third; | afferent and efferent arterioles

(the kidneys) the distal convoluted tubule: | has a smaller diameter than ... cells lack ...

PCT; | microvilli

(the kidneys) three processes at the DCT: | 1. active secretion of ..., ..., ..., and ...

ions; acids; drugs; toxins

(the kidneys) three processes at the DCT: 2. selective reabsorption of ... and ... from tubular fluid 3. selective reabsorption of ... -- ... tubular fluid

sodium and calcium ions; water; concentrates

(the kidneys) the collecting system: the distal convoluted tubule opens into the ... individual nephrons drain into a nearby ...

collecting system; | collecting duct

(the kidneys) the collecting system: several collecting ducts: converge into a larger ... which empties into a ...

papillary duct; | minor calyx

(the kidneys) the collecting system: transports tubular fluid from nephron to ... adjusts .... determines final ... and ... of urine

renal pelvis; fluid composition; osmotic concentration; volume

(renal physiology) the goal of urine production: is to maintain homeostasis by regulating ... and ... of blood including .... of ... products

volume; composition; excretion; metabolic waste

(renal physiology) three organic waste products: 1. ... 2. ... 3. ...

urea; creatinine; uric acid

(renal physiology) organic waste products: are ... in bloodstream are eliminated only while ... removal is accompanied by ...

dissolved; dissolved in urine; water loss

(renal physiology) basic processes of urine formation: 1. ... 2. ... 3. ...

filtration; reabsorption; secretion

(renal physiology) transport maximum (Tm) and the renal threshold: if nutrient concs. rise in tubular fluid - ... rates increase until .... are saturated

reabsorption; | carrier proteins

(renal physiology) transport maximum and the renal threshold: concentration higher than transport maximum: exceeds ... abilities of nephron some material will remain in the ... and appear in the ...

reabsorptive; tubular fluid; urine

(renal physiology) concentration higher than transport maximum: determines the ... a specific compound or ion begins to appear in urine

renal threshold

(renal physiology) renal threshold for glucose: | is approximately ... mg/dL

180

(renal physiology) renal threshold for glucose: if plasma glucose is greater than 180 mg/dL: ... of tubular cells is exceeded ... appears in urine ...

Tm; glucose; glycosuria

``` (renal physiology) renal threshold for amino acids: is lower than glucose (... mg/dL) amino acids commonly appear in urine: after a ... .... ```

65; protein-rich meal; aminoaciduria

(renal physiology) insertion of ... into collecting ducts concentrates urine

aquaporins

(reabsorption and secretion) the hypothalamus: | continuously secretes low levels of ... --> ... and ... are always permeable to water

ADH; DCT; collecting system

(reabsorption and secretion) the hypothalamus: | at normal ADH levels- collecting system reabsorbs ... L/day (.... percent of filtrate)

16. 8; | 9. 3

(reabsorption and secretion) urine production: | a healthy adult produces ... mL per day (... percent of filtrate)

1200; | 0.6

(reabsorption and secretion) ...: the elimination of urine, typically indicates production of ... volumes of urine

diuresis | large

``` (reabsorption and secretion) diuretics: drugs that promote ... in urine diuretic therapy reduces: ... ... ... ```

water loss; blood volume; blood pressure; extracellular fluid volume

(reabsorption and secretion) the function of the vasa recta: to return ... and ... reabsorbed in ... to general circulation without disrupting the ...

solutes; water; medulla; conc. gradient

(reabsorption and secretion) the function of the vasa recta: some solutes absorbed in ... portion do not diffuse out in ... portion

descending; | ascending

(reabsorption and secretion) the function of the vasa recta: more water moves into ... portion than is moved out of ... portion

ascending; | descending

(reabsorption and secretion) the vasa recta: carries ... and ... out of medulla balances ... and .. in medulla

water; solutes; solute reabsorption; osmosis

(reabsorption and secretion) the composition of normal urine: results from ..., ..., and ... activities of nephrons

filtration; absorption; secretion

``` (reabsorption and secretion) the composition of normal urine: some compounds (such as ...) are neither excreted nor reabsorbed ... are completely reabsorbed -- other compounds missed by filtration process (e.g. ...) are actively secreted into ... ```

urea; organic nutrients; creatinine; tubular fluid

(reabsorption and secretion) the composition of normal urine: is a ..., ... solution yellow color (pigment ...) --> generated in kidneys from ...

clear; sterile; urobilin; urobilinogens

(reabsorption and secretion) the composition of normal urine: ..., the analysis of a urine sample, is an important diagnostic tool

urinalysis

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function: | step 1 glomerulus - filtrate produced at ... has the same composition as ... (minus ...)

renal corpuscle; blood plasma; plasma proteins

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function: step 2 proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)- active removal of ... and ... produces ... out of tubular fluid ... volume of filtrate keeps solution inside and outside tubule ...

ions; organic substrates; osmotic water flow; reduces; isotonic

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function: step 3 PCT and Descending Limb: water moves into ..., leaving highly ... tubular fluid reduction in volume occurs by obligatory ...

peritubular fluids; concentrated; water reabsorption

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function: step 4 thick ascending limb: tubular cells actively transport ... and ... out of tubule .... accounts for higher proportion of total osmotic concentration

Na+; Cl-; | urea

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function: step 5 DCT and collecting ducts: final adjustments in ... of tubular fluid osmotic concentration is adjusted through ... (... or ...)

composition; | active transport; reabsorption; secretion

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function: step 6 DCT and collecting ducts: final adjustments in ... and ... of tubular fluid exposure to ... determines final urine concentration

volume; osmotic concentration; ADH

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function: Step 7 Vasa Recta: absorbs ... and ... reabsorbed by nephron loop and the ducts maintains ... of medulla

solutes; water; concentration gradient

(summary of renal function) seven steps of renal function: Step 7 Vasa Recta: urine production: ends when ... enters the ...

fluid; | renal pelvis

``` (urine transport, storage, and elimination) urine transport, storage, and elimination: take place in the urinary tract: ... ... ... ```

ureters; urinary bladder; urethra

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) structures: minor and major ..., ..., ..., ..., and ... portion of ... that undergoes cycles of ... and ...

``` calyces; renal pelvis; ureters; urinary bladder; proximal; urethra; ``` distention; contraction

``` (urine transport, storage, and elimination) the ureters: are a pair of muscular tubes extend from kidneys to ... begin at ... pass over ... muscles ```

urinary bladder; renal pelvis; psoas major

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the ureters: are ..., attached to ... abdominal wall penetrate ... wall of the ....

retroperitoneal; posterior; posterior wall; urinary bladder

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the ureters: ... are slit-like rather than rounded shape helps prevent ... of urine when urinary bladder contracts

ureteral openings; | backflow

``` (urine transport, storage, and elimination) peristaltic contractions: begin at ... sweep along ... force urine toward ... every ... seconds ```

renal pelvis; ureter; urinary bladder; 30

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the urinary bladder: is a ..., ... organ functions as a temporary reservoir for ... full bladder can contain ... of urine

hollow; muscular; urine storage; 1 L

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the Urethra: extends from ... of urinary bladder to the ... of the body

neck; | exterior

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the external urethral sphincter: in both sexes- is a ... band of ... where urethra passes through ...

circular; skeletal muscle; | urogenital diaphragm

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the external urethral sphincter: acts as a ... is under ... control

valve; | voluntary

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the external urethral sphincter: has .... voluntary relaxation permits ...

resting muscle tone; | micturition

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the micturition reflex and urination: as the bladder fills with urine- ... in urinary bladder stimulate ... in ... nerve

stretch receptors; sensory fibers; pelvic

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the micturition reflex and urination: as the bladder fills with urine: stimulus travels from ... fibers in ... nerves to ...

afferent; pelvic; sacral spinal cord

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the micturition reflex and urination: ... neuron in ... stimulates ... muscle contraction

postganglionic; intramural ganglion; detrusor

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the micturition reflex and urination: interneuron relays sensation to ... projection fibers from thalamus deliver sensation to ... voluntary relaxation of ... sphincter causes relaxation of ... sphincter

thalamus; cerebral cortex; external urethral; internal urethral

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) the micturition reflex and urination: begins when stretch receptors stimulate ... neurons volume > ... mL triggers micturition reflex

parasympathetic preganglionic motor; | 500

the afferent fibers stimulate neurons involved with: | a ... pathway and a ... pathway

local; central

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) infants: lack ... control over urination ... connections are not established

voluntary; | corticospinal

(urine transport, storage, and elimination) ...: the inability to control urination voluntarily may be caused by trauma to ... or ...

incontinence; | internal or external urethral sphincter

(homeostatic imbalance: obstetric fistula) prolonged labor and an undelivered child result in ... where the babies head cuts off blood supply. this results in ... or ... or both.

necrosis; | urinary or fecal incontinence

(homeostatic imbalance: obstetric fistula) it is estimated that each year ... to ... women develop it. more than ... live with it currently. in africa, the cost is less than $400 to fix most cases

50,000; 100,000; | 2,000,000

Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 26 Flashcards

(116 cards)