Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 21 Flashcards by Gail I

…: resistance to disease

immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

immune system:
two intrinsic systems
… (…) defense system
… (…) defense system

innate; nonspecific;

adaptive; specific

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(immune system) … system rather than organ system

innate and adaptive defenses …

functional;

intertwined

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(immune system) innate and adaptive release and recognize many of the same … molecules
innate defenses do have … pathways for certain substances
innate responses release … that alert cells of adaptive system to foreign molecules

defensive;
specific;
proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(immunity ) innate defense system has two lines of defense:

A. First - … (… and …)

external body membranes;

skin; mucosae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(immunity ) innate defense system has two lines of defense:
B. Second - … proteins, ..,. and other cells –>
inhibit spread of …
… most important mechanism

antimicrobial;
phagocytes;
invaders;
inflammation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(immunity ) adaptive defense system:
third line of defense attacks … foreign substances
… than innate system

particular;

takes longer to react

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

innate defenses - surface barriers:
…
…

skin;

mucous membranes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

innate defenses - internal defenses: 
... 
... cells 
... 
... proteins 
...

phagocytes; 
natural killer; 
inflammation; 
antimicrobial; 
fever

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

adaptive defenses:
… immunity – … cells
… immunity – … cells

humoral; B;

cellular; T

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(innate defenses) surface barriers ward off …

invading pathogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(innate defenses) surface barriers ward off invading pathogens:
skin, mucous membranes, and their …
physical barrier to most microorganisms
keratin is resistant to … and …, …, and …
… provide similar mechanical barriers

secretions; 
weak acids; bases; 
bacterial enzymes; 
toxins; 
mucosae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(surface barriers) protective chemicals inhibit/destroy microorganisms:
A. … of skin and secretions – … – inhibits …

acidity; acid mantle; growth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(surface barriers) B. Enzymes - … of saliva, …, and … fluid- kill many microorganisms

lysozyme;
respiratory mucus;
lacrimal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(surface barriers) C. … - antimicrobial peptides - inhibit …

defensins;

growth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(surface barriers) D. other chemicals - … in sebum, … in sweat - toxic

lipids;

dermcidin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(surface barriers) respiratory system modifications:
… in nose
… of upper respiratory tract sweep … and …-laden mucus toward mouth

mucus-coated hairs;

cilia; dust; bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(surface barriers) surface barriers breached by … or … - second line of defense must protect deeper tissues

nicks; cuts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(internal defenses- cells and chemicals) necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues: 
... 
... cells 
... proteins (.. and ... proteins) 
... 
... response

phagocytes; 
natural killer; 
antimicrobial; interferons; complement; 
fever; 
inflammatory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(internal defenses- cells and chemicals) inflammatory response consists of: 
... 
... cells 
... 
... chemicals

macrophages;
mast;
WBCs;
inflammatory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(phagocytes) … most abundant but .. fighting –> become … on exposure to infectious material

neutrophils;
die;
phagocytic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(phagocytes) … develop from … - chief phagocytic cells - robust cells

macrophages; monocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(phagocytes) macrophages:
free macrophages wander through … (e.g. … macrophages)
fixed macrophages … of some organs (e.g. …. cells (liver) and … (brain))

tissue spaces;
alveolar;
permanent residents;
Kupffer; microglia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(mechanism of phagocytosis) phagocyte must … to particle:
some microorganisms evade this with …
…marks pathogens- coating by … proteins or …

adhere;
capsule;
opsonization; complement; antibodies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(mechanism of phagocytosis) cytoplasmic extensions bind to and engulf particle in vesicle called ...

phagosome

(mechanism of phagocytosis) phagosome fuses with ... --> ...

lysosome; phagolysosome

innate defenses --> ... defenses | a macrophage uses its ... to pull bacteria toward it

internal; | cytoplasmic extensions

Events of phagocytosis: 1. phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris 2. phagocyte forms ... that eventually engulf the particles, forming a ... 3. ... fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a ... 4. ... digest the particles, leaving a residual body 5. ... of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material

``` pseudopods; phagosome; lysosome; phagolysosome; lysosomal enzymes; exocytosis ```

(mechanism of phagocytosis) pathogens killed by ... and ... with lysosomal enzymes

acidifying; digesting

(mechanism of phagocytosis) several innate cells cause release of enzymes of ..., which kill pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes by: A. releasing cell-killing ... B. producing ... chemicals (e.g. H2O2) and ... C. increasing ... and ... of phagolysosome

respiratory burst; free radicals; oxidizing; hypochlorite (ClO-) bleach; pH; osmolarity

(mechanism of phagocytosis) ... (in neutrophils) pierce membrane

defensins

(natural killer cells) ... large ... lymphocytes | attack cells that lack "..." cell-surface receptors --> induce ... in cancer cells and virus-infected cells

nonphagocytic; granular; self; apoptosis;

(natural killer cells) secrete potent chemicals that

enhance inflammatory response

(inflammatory response) 1. triggered whenever ... 2. prevents spread of damaging agents 3. disposes of ... and ... 4. alerts ... 5. sets the stage for repair

body tissues injured; cell debris; pathogens; adaptive immune system;

``` (inflammatory response) cardinal signs of acute inflammation: 1. ... (...) 2. ... (...) 3. ... (...) 4. ... (...) sometimes 5. ... of function ```

``` redness; rubor; heat; calor; swelling; tumor; pain; dolar; impairment ```

(inflammatory response) begins with chemicals released into ECF by ..., ..., ...

injured tissues; immune cells; blood proteins

(inflammatory response) macrophages and epithelial cells of boundary tissues bear ...

toll-like receptors (TLRs)

(inflammatory response) ... types of TLRs recognize specific classes of infecting microbes activated TLRs trigger release of ... that promote inflammation

11; | cytokines

(inflammatory response) inflmmatory mediators: | ..., ..., and ...

kinins; prostaglandins (PGs); complement

(inflammatory response) inflammatory mediators: A. ... local arterioles (....) --> cause redness and heat of inflamed region B. make capillaries ... C. many attract ... to area D. some have ... roles

dilate; hyperemia; leaky; leukocytes; inflammatory

(inflammatory Response: Edema) increased capillary permeability --> ... to tissues fluid containing ... and ... causes local swelling (...)

exudate; clotting factors; antibodies; edema

(inflammatory response: Edema) swelling pushes on ...--> pain pain also from ..., ..., and ...

nerve endings; | bacterial toxins; prostaglandins; kinins

(inflammatory response: edema) exudate to tissues: moves foreign material into ... delivers ... and ...

lymphatic vessels; | clotting proteins; complement

(inflammatory response) clotting factors form ... --> scaffold for repair, ... injured area so invaders cannot spread

fibrin mesh; | isolates

(phagocyte mobilization) ... lead; ... follow

neutrophils; macrophages

(phagocyte mobilization) as attack continues, ... arrive 12 hours after leaving bloodstream --> ... these "late arrivers" replace ... and remain for clean up prior to repair

monocytes; macrophages; dying neutrophils

(phagocyte mobilization) if inflammation due to pathogens, ... activated; ... elements arrive

complement; | adaptive immunity

(phagocyte mobilization) steps for phagocyte mobilization: | 1. ...: release of neutrophils from ... in response to ... factors from injured cells

leukocytosis; bone marrow; leukocytosis-inducing

(phagocyte mobilization) steps for phagocyte mobilization: 2. ...: neutrophils cling to walls of capillaries in inflamed area in response to ... 3. ... (...) of neutrophils

margination; CAMs; extravasation; diapedesis

(phagocyte mobilization) steps for phagocyte mobilization: | 4. ...: inflammatory chemicals (... agent) promote ... of neutrophils

chemotaxis; chemotactic; positive chemotaxis

(phagocyte mobilization) steps for phagocyte mobilization: | diapedesis: neutrophils ... and ... of capillaries

flatten; squeeze out

(antimicrobial proteins) ... and ... proteins: attack microorganisms directly hinder microorganisms' ability to ...

interferons; complement; | reproduce

(antimicrobial proteins) interferons: | family of ... proteins --> have slightly different physiological effects

immune modulating

(antimicrobial proteins) interferons: | ... cells secrete IFNs (e.g. IFN alpha and beta) to ... neighboring cells

viral-infected; | warn

(antimicrobial proteins) interferons: IFNs enter neighboring cells --> produce proteins that ... .and degrade ... IFN alpha and beta also activate ... cells

block viral reproduction; viral RNA; NK

``` (antimicrobial proteins) interferons: IFN gamma (immune interferon): secreted by ... widespread ... effects activates ... ```

lymphocytes; immune mobilizing; macrophages

(antimicrobial proteins) interferons: | since IFNs activate NK cells and macrophages, indirectly ...

fight cancer

(antimicrobial proteins) interferons: | artificial IFNs used to treat ..., ..., ..., ...

hepatitis C; genital warts; multiple sclerosis; hairy cell leukemia

(complement system) about ... blood proteins that circulate in ... form

20; inactive

(complement system) include ...-..., factors ..., ..., and ..., and ... proteins

C1-C9; B, D, P; regulatory

(complement system) major mechanism for destroying foreign substances our cells contain ...

complement activation inhibitors

(complement system) unleashes ... chemicals that amplify all aspects of ... response kills bacteria and certain other cell types by ... enhances both innate and adaptive defenses

inflammatory; inflammatory; cell lysis;

(complement activation) three pathways to activation: classical pathway: ... bind to invading organisms and to complement components called ... first step in activation

antibodies; | complement fixation

(complement) lectin pathway: ... - produced by innate system to recognize foreign invaders when bound to foreign invaders can also ... and ... complement

lectins; | bind; activate

(complement) alternative pathway: | triggered when activated ..., ..., ..., and ... interact on surface of microorganisms

C3; B; D; P

(complement) each pathway involves activation of proteins in an ... sequence each step ... the next

orderly; | catalyzes

(complement) each pathway converges on ..., which cleaves into ... and ...

C3; C3a; C3b

(complement) common terminal pathway initiated that: | enhances ..., promotes .., causes ...

inflammation; phagocytosis; cell lysis

(complement activation) cell lysis begins when: | ... binds to target cell --> insertion of complement proteins called ... into cell's membrane

C3b; membrane attack complex (MAC)

(complement activation) MAC form and stabilizes ... in membrane --> influx of ... --> ... of cell

hole; water; lysis

(complement activation) C3b also causes ... | C3a and other cleavage products amplify ...:

opsonization; | inflammation

(complement activation) C3a and other cleavage products amplify inflammation: stimulate ... and ... to release ... attract ... and other inflammatory cells

mast cells; basophils; histamine; | neutrophils

classical pathway: activated by ... coating target cell | lectin pathway: activated by lectins binding to ... on microorganism's surface

antibodies; | specifice sugars

alternative pathway: activated ... lack of ... on microorganism's surface allows process to proceed

spontaneously; | inhibitors

classical, lectin, and alternative pathways, together with other complement proteins and factors converge on C3: C3b leads to ... C3a and C5a enhance ...

opsonization; | inflammation

...: coats pathogen surfaces, which enhances phagocytosis

opsonization

C5a and C3b enhance inflammation by stimulating ... release, increasing blood vessel ..., attracting phagocytes by ...

histamine; permeability; chemotaxis

MACs form from activated ... components (... and ...-...) that insert into the target cell membrane, creating pores that can lyse the target cell

complement; C5b;' C6-C9

Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 21 Flashcards

(78 cards)