Ch. 16 PPT Notes Flashcards by Gail I

(endocrine system) acts with the … to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells
influences … activities by means of … transported in the blood

nervous system;
metabolic;
hormones

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(endocrine system) responses occur more … but tend to … than those of the nervous system

slowly; last longer

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(endocrine system) endocrine glands: 
...
... 
... 
... 
...

pituitary; 
thyroid; 
parathyroid; 
adrenal; 
pineal

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(endocrine system) some organs produce both … and … products (e.g. … and …)
examples of exocrine products are … and …

hormones; exocrine;
pancreas; gonads;
sweat; saliva

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(endocrine system) the hypothalamus has both … and … functions

neural; endocrine

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(endocrine system) other tissues and organs that produce hormones include
…
…
cells in the walls of the …, …, …, and …

adipose cells; 
thymus; 
small intestine; 
stomach; 
kidneys; 
heart

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hormones: long-distance chemical signals that travel in the … or …
…: chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them
..: locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

blood; lymph;
autocrines;
paracrines

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autocrines and paracrines are … and will not be considered part of the endocrine system

local

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(chemistry of hormones)
two main classes:
1. … -based hormones
2. …

amino acid;

steroids

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(chemistry of hormones)
two main classes:
1. amino acid-based hormones:
…, …, …, and …

amines;
thyroxine;
peptides;
proteins

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(chemistry of hormones) 
two main classes: 
2. steroids: 
synthesized from ... 
... and ... hormones

cholesterol;

gonadal; adrenocortical

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(hormone action on target cells) 1. alter … or … by opening or closing …

plasma membrane permeability; membrane potential; ion channels

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(hormone action on target cells) 2. stimulate synthesis of … or … molecules

active or deactivate …
induce … activity
stimulate …

proteins; regulatory;
enzyme systems;
secretory activity;
mitosis

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(mechanisms of hormone action) two mechanisms, depending on their chemical nature
1. water soluble hormones (all … hormones except …)
cannot … the target cells
act on …

amino acid-based;
thyroid hormone;
enter;
plasma membrane receptors

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(mechanisms of hormone action) two mechanisms, depending on their chemical nature
1. water-soluble hormones:
coupled by … to intracellular … that mediate the target cell’s response

G proteins; second messengers;

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(mechanisms of hormone action) two mechanisms, depending on their chemical nature
2. lipid-soluble hormones (… and … hormones)
act on … that directly activate …

steroid;
thyroid;
intracellular receptors;
genes

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(mechanisms of hormone action) two mechanisms, depending on their chemical nature
2. lipid-soluble hormones:
thyroid hormones are … into the cell and bind to …

transported;

nuclear receptors

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(signal pathways: receptor locations)
target cell receptors:
lipophilic signal molecules –> bind to receptors either in … or … –> slower responses related to changes in …
lipophobic/lipophilic signal molecules bind to receptors on the …

cytosol; nucleus; gene activity

plasma membrane

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(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) cAMP signaling mechanism:

Hormone (…) binds to receptor
receptor activates …
the thing that was just activated activates …

first messenger;
G protein;
adenylate cyclase

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(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) cAMP signaling mechanism:

adenylate cyclase converts … to … (…)
this activates …

ATP; cAMP; second messenger; 
protein kinases (this is referring to cAMP)

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(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) cAMP signaling mechanism:

activated kinases … various proteins, activating some and inactivating others
cAMP is rapidly degraded by the …
intracellular enzymatic cascades have a huge … effect

phosphorylate;
enzyme phosphodiesterase;
amplification

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(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) cAMP signaling mechanism:
active protein kinase triggers responses of target cell (activates …, stimulates .., opens .., etc)

enzymes; cellular secretion; ion channel

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(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism:
Used by some … hormones in some tissues
involves a …, which activates … enzyme

amino acid-based;
G protein;
phospholipase C

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(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism:
… splits membrane phospholipid PIP2 into two second messengers: … and …

phospholipase;
diacylglycerol (DAG);
IP3

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(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism: DAG activates ...; IP3 triggers release of ...

protein kinases; | Ca2+

(plasma membrane receptors and second-messenger systems) PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism: calcium alters ... or ... or binds to the regulatory protein ...

enzymes; channels; calmodulin

(intracellular receptors and direct gene activation) steroid hormones and thyroid hormone: 1. diffuse into their target cells and bind with intracellular receptors 2. ... enters the nucleus and (3) binds to a ... 4. this prompts ... to produce ..., which directs ...

``` receptor-hormone complex; specific region of DNA; DNA transcription; mRNA; protein synthesis ```

(intracellular receptors and direct gene activation) steroid hormones and thyroid hormone: the specific DNA sequence that the receptor-hormone complex binds to is called a ...

hormone response element

(target cell specificity) target cells must have specific ... to which the hormone binds: ACTH receptors are only found on certain cells of the ... ... receptors are found on nearly all cells of the body

receptors; adrenal cortex; thyroxin

target cell activation depends on three factors: 1. ... of the hormone 2. relative ... on or in the target cell 3. ... between receptor and hormone

blood levels; number of receptors; affinity of binding

(target cell activation) hormones influence the number of their ...: ... - target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone ... - target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone

receptors; up-regulation; down-regulation

(hormones in the blood) hormones circulate in the blood either free or bound: ... and ... are attached to plasma proteins all others circulate without ...

steroids; thyroid hormone; | carriers

(hormones in the blood) the concentration of a circulating hormone in blood reflects: ... speed of ... and ... from the body

rate of release; | inactivation; removal

(hormones in the blood) hormones are removed from the blood by: 1. ... 2. ... 3. ... 4. ...- the time required for a hormones blood level to decrease by half

degrading enzymes; kidneys; liver; half-life

(interaction of hormones at target cells) multiple hormones may interact in several ways: ...: one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present ...: more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell ...: one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone

permissiveness; synergism; antagonism

(control of hormone release) blood levels of hormones: are controlled by ... systems vary only within a ...

negative feedback; | narrow desirable range

``` (control of hormone release) hormones are synthesized and released in response to: 1. ... stimuli 2. ... stimuli 3. ... stimuli ```

humoral; neural; hormonal

(humoral stimuli) changing blood levels of ... and ... directly stimulates secretion of hormones

ions; nutrients;

(humoral stimuli) example: Ca2+ in the blood declining blood ca2+ concentration stimulates the ... to secrete ... (...) PTH causes Ca2+ concentrations to ... and the stimulus is removed

parathyroid glands; PTH; parathyroid hormone; rise

(neural stimuli) ... stimulate hormone release | e.g. sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate the ... to secrete ...

nerve fibers; adrenal medulla; catecholamines

(neural stimuli) ... stimulate adrenal medulla cells to secrete catecholamines (... and ...)

preganglionic sympathetic fibers; | epinephrine; norepinephrine

(hormonal stimuli) hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones: 1. hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of most ... hormones 2. ... hormones stimulate targets to secrete still more hormones 3. ...: hormones from the final target organs inhibit the release of the anterior pituitary hormones

anterior pituitary; anterior pituitary; hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop

(nervous system modulation) the nervous system modifies the ... of endocrine glands and their ... mechanisms example: under severe stress, the hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous system are activated --> as a result, ... levels rise

stimulation; negative feedback; body glucose

the pituitary gland (...) has two major lobes: | ... and ...

hypophysis; posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary: ... (glial like supporting cells) and ... - more for ... of neurohormones (... and ...)

pituicytes; nerve fibers; storage; oxytocin; ADH

anterior pituitary: ... ... tissue

adenohypophysis; | glandular

(posterior lobe) a downgrowth of ... tissue; | neural connection to the hypothalamus (...)

hypothalamic neural; | hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

(posterior lobe) nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize the neurohormones ... and ... ... are transported to the posterior pituitary

oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone; | neurohormones

(posterior lobe) 1. hypothalamic neurons synthesize oxytocin and ADH 2. oxytocin and ADH are transported along the ... to the posterior pituitary 3. oxytocin and ADH are stored in ... in the posterior pituitary 4. oxytocin and ADH are released into the blood when ...

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract; axon terminals; hypothalamic neurons fire

``` anterior lobe: originates as an out-pocketing of the ... hypophyseal portal system: ... ... ... ```

oral mucosa; primary capillary plexus; hypophyseal portal veins; secondary capillary plexus

anterior lobe; | carries ... and ... hormones to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion

releasing; inhibiting

anterior lobe: 1. when appropriately stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the ... 2. hypothalamic hormones travel through the ... to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate/inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary 3. anterior pituitary hormones are secreted into the ...

primary capillary plexus; portal veins; secondary capillary plexus

anterior pituitary hormones: 1. ... 2. ... or ... 3. ... 4. ... 5. ... 6. ...

``` growth hormone (GH); thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH); prolactin (PRL) ```

anterior pituitary hormones: all are ... all except ... activate cyclic AMP second-messenger systems at their targets

proteins; | GH

anterior pituitary hormones: | ..., ..., .., and ... are all tropic hormones (regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands)

TSH; ACTH; FSH; LH

growth hormone: produced by ... stimulates most cells, but targets ... and ... promotes ... synthesis and encourages use of ... for fuel

somatotrophs; bone; skeletal muscle; protein; fats

growth hormone: | most effects are mediated indirectly by ...

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

growth hormone (GH): GH release is regulated by: ... (...) ... (.../...)

growth hormone-releasing hormone; GHRH; | growth hormone-inhibiting hormone; GHIH; somatostatin

direct action of GH: | stimulates ..., ..., ..., and ... to produce insulin-like growth factors

liver; skeletal muscle; bone; cartilage

direct action of GH: mobilizes ... elevates blood glucose by ... and encouraging ... (... effect of GH)

fats; decreasing glucose uptake; glycogen breakdown; anti-insulin

homeostatic imbalances of growth hormone: hypersecretion: in children results in ... in adults results in ... hyposecretion: in children results in ...

gigantism; acromegaly; pituitary dwarfism

hypothalamus secretes ... and ..., leading to release of growth hormone (which then inhibits ... release and stimulates ... release and inhibits ... synthesis and release)

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH); somatostatin (GHIH); GHRH; GHIH; GH

growth hormone: indirect actions (growth promoting): ... and other tissues produce ... which lead to increased ... formation and ... growth and increased ... synthesis, and cell .. and ...

``` liver; insulin-like growth factors (IGFs); cartilage; skeletal; protein; growth; proliferation; ```

growth hormone: direct actions (metabolic, anti-insulin): increased ... breakdown and released increased blood ... and other ... effects

fat; glucose; anti-insulin

thyroid-stimulating hormone (...): produced by ... of the anterior pituitary stimulates the normal development and secretory activity of the ...

thyrotropin; thyrotrophs; thyroid

(thyroid-stimulating hormone-thyrotropin) regulation of TSH release: stimulated by ... (TRH) inhibited by rising blood levels of ... hormones that act on the ... and ...

thryotropin-releasing hormone; thyroid; pituitary; hypothalamus (negative feedback)

adrenocorticotropic hormone- ... secreted by ... of the anterior pituitary stimulates the ... to release ...

corticotropin; corticotrophs; adrenal cortex; corticosteroids

(adrenocorticotropic hormone-corticotropin) regulation of ACTH release: triggered by by hypothalamic ... in a daily rhythm: level peaks in the ... rising levels of ... feed back and block receptors of CRH and ACTH

corticotropin-releasing hormone; morning; glucocorticoids

(adrenocorticotropic hormone-corticotropin) regulation of ACTH release: internal and external factors such as ..., ..., and ... can alter the release of CRH

fever; hypoglycemia; stressors

(gonadotropins) ... hormone and ... hormone secreted by ... of the anterior pituitary

follicle-stimulating (FSH); luteinizing (LH); gonadotrophs

(gonadotropins) FSH stimulates ... (... or ...) production LH promotes production of ... absent from the blood in ... boys and girls

gamete; egg; sperm; gonadal hormones; prepubertal

(gonadotropins) regulation of gonadotropin release: triggered by the ... during and after puberty suppressed by ... (feedback), which are produced in response to the gonadotropins, suppress FSH and LH

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); | gonadal hormones;

(prolactin-PRL) secreted by ... of the anterior pituitary | stimulates ... in females

lactotrophs; | milk production

(prolactin-PRL) regulation of PRL release: primarily controlled by ... (...); blood levels rise toward the ... ... stimulates PRH release and promotes continued milk production

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH/dopamine); end of pregnancy; suckling

Ch. 16 PPT Notes Flashcards

(74 cards)