Exam 1 Info - Lecture Notes Contd Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
… vs. … post synaptic potentials
A
excitatory; inhibitory
2
Q
…: multiple synapses firing at the exact same time
A
spatial summation
3
Q
…: same neuron and rapid fire signaling
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temporal summation
4
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…: increased number of neurons in just one location
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cephalization
5
Q
tendency for neurons to become concentrated at end of developing body - …
as development increase, …/… end of neural tube “balloons”
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neural tube;
anterior; rostral
6
Q
anterior end of neural tube develops into … - most advanced thinking, executive functions, etc. occurs here
in middle of neural tube … develops - advanced unconscious functions (i.e. breathing, heartrate, body temps, etc)
at most posterior portion the … develops - cerebellum, more reptilian portion of the brain - …
A
forebrain;
midbrain;
hindbrain; instinct
7
Q
from most anterior portion there are two more functional classifications: … and …
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telencephalon; diencephalon
8
Q
telencephalon: forms … of the brain - where most neurons in brain are located
“wrinklier” brain = more …
more cognitively developed an organism is, the more … the brain is
A
two major hemispheres; neurons; folds
9
Q
midbrain (mesencephalon) doesn’t … - brain stem
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divide
10
Q
metencephalon –> brain stem (pons) + cerebellum - … movements develop through cerebellum;
cerebellum creates … - typically … process
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refined;
central pattern generators;
unconscious
11
Q
myelencephalon –> medulla of brainstem - more … tendencies, …/…, etc
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animalistic; anger; aggression
12
Q
brain folds in on itself via … which reduce size of brain substantially
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flexures
13
Q
… are most developed part of the brain
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cerebral hemispheres
14
Q
central cavity seen throughout brain from most rostral part of brain through to …
lined by … and large amount of … followed by another concentrated bundle of … lining cortex
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spinal cord;
gray matter;
white matter;
gray matter
15
Q
CSF prevents damage due to … - CSF is shock absorber
A
movement of head
16
Q
… of brain form in the same way as the brain itself
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ventricles
17
Q
folds of brain increases … - allows for more … and thus more …
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SA; neurons; complexity
18
Q
… lobe: visual cortex
… lobe: language
… lobe: executive decision-making
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occipital;
temporal;
frontal
19
Q
circulatory system resides in spaces between … and … in brain
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gyri; sulci
20
Q
most neurons in the brain in the …, despite the fact that cortex is very thin
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cerebral cortex
21
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…: right side of brain controls left side of body, left side of brain controls right side of body
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contralateral connections
22
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… areas: multiple pieces of info from other parts of brain being put together here to create deeper/complex associations - gives context to … and …
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association; movement; perception
23
Q
… area: responsible for … but not for speech –> if damaged, can speak but have difficulty understanding what other people say
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wernicke’s; language;
24
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… area: responsible for speech
if damaged, lose ability to speak but still have ability to understand …
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broca’s; written language
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primary motor cortex has ... neurons - responsible for conscious, precise voluntary movement
learning ... task - stored here - tasks that require ...
only repetitive things that you don't think about are in ...
pyramidal;
really detailed; concentration;
cerebellum
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premotor cortex immediately in front of ... - communicates with ...
also communicates with part of brain that delivers ... info --> allows for refinement of movement based on ...
primary motor cortex; primary motor cortex; sensory; new info
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frontal eye field responsible for ...
| "huge" amount of ...
coordinated eye movement; innervation
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somatosensory association cortex allows us to refine signals we're receiving and gives them ...
without this, all sensation would be ..
context; "raw data"
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striate cortex --> ...
| has ... pattern
primary visual cortex; banded
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visual association area tells the individual ...
if this is damaged its basically like being blind with the ability to see
highly developed in blind people - can discriminate location via ...
what they're seeing; other senses
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primary auditory cortex receives basic auditory info - ..., ..., etc
location; pitch
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auditory association area associates ..., ..., more detailed info with sound
... sense is primary sensation for remembering things as far back as possible
memories; emotions;
| olfactory
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...: perceive what's occurring in guts
| ...: perceiving where you are in 3D space
visceral sensory area;
| vestibular cortex
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limbic system:
extends from ... into ...
contains portions of ... and higher order functions of ... as well
forebrain; brainstem;
| reptilian brain; cerebral cortex
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olfactory sense initiates ... response very quickly and can trigger memories of ..
emotional; emotional responses
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limbic system is responsible for ... which is why it is both so old and so new:
reptilian- ..,. ..., ..., etc
new- ..., etc
emotion;
aggression; anger; annoyance;
empathy
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amygdala: processing .. info related to ... - recognizing fearful things and seeing those expressions on other people (e.g. when someone is maddened)
visual; fear
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amygdala:
helps assess danger and if it recognizes that danger, helps initiate response appropriate to ...
amygdalic lesions is incredibly dangerous: fear acts as ... measure
bilateral amygdalic lesions must be monitored constantly, otherwise will do stupid things --> inhibits understanding of any ...
level of danger;
preventitive;
consequences
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people with damage to amygdala also don't have ...
amygdala develops at different speeds in men vs women, almost fully formed before women ..., but for men it takes way longer (surprise surprise)
social fears;
| finish puberty
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cingulate gyrus helps translate how we feel both through ... and ...
facial and gestural expression
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cingulate gyrus:
lesions to this area of the brain is cause of ... - no ... expression
also helps resolve ... resulting from emotional things with other people
flat affect; emotional;
| mental conflicts
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cingulate gyrus:
| emotions add "flavor" to sensations --> give sensations .. beyond simply ...
meaning; raw sensory data
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... can communicate with limbic system to be consciously aware of emotions, which helps ... emotions
prefrontal cortex; control
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hippocampus: seahorse; responsible for moving memory from ... to ... storage
still not entirely sure what this means, bc we don't know where memories are ultimately stored
short term; long term
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hippocampus:
capable of ... for short amounts of time in hippocampus and then it goes somewhere else for long term storage
lesions in hippocampus: unable to form any type of new ... for bilateral lesions --> can form new types of memory that aren't encoded by the hippocampus though
memory discrimination; episodic memory
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reticular formation: ... and ... that pass through brainstem
these extend ... throughout most of the rest of the brain --> send far flung ... to entire rest of the brain
3 broad and long; axons; axonal connections
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reticular activating system --> keeps cerebral cortex conscious and alert
default state for brain is to be in a ...
helps filter out ... and ... signals --> otherwise would be aware of every sensation one's having constantly; around ... mins after a signal has been present, it tones it out
coma;
weak; repetitive;
4-6
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reticular activating system:
severe injury to this area yields ...
coordinate ... functions
projections to cerebellum help control ... movements
regulates ... motor movements (e.g. peristalsis)
keeps heart beating and maintains breathing
irreversible coma;
motor;
coarse;
visceral
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brain activity measured through electroencephalogram (EEG):
| measures differences ... --> different patterns of activity depending on ...
in neuronal firing patterns; brain region
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4 general brain wave patterns:
alpha- short, regular, ... patterns that are generated by ..., ... brain
beta- ... frequency of alpha, actively concentrating on something --> performing particular task or focusing on learning a task
theta waves --> short, ... rhythms; common in ...; irregular; uncommon in adults
delta waves --> extremely ... waves; ... amplitude; present in very deep sleep or when ... is dampened, during anesthesia or if patient has been ... and has suffered brain damage
rhythmic; relaxed conscious;
double;
slower; children;
slow; high; reticular activating system; hypoxic
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```
brain waves increase up to a point
EEGs can help ... to different parts of brain
flat EEG (no brain waves) = ...
```
locate damage;
| dead
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(epilepsy) brain loses control of its ...
may result in unconsciousness
... of the body
uncoordinated, uncontrollable jerking of the body
no impact on the ... state of those suffering from it
firing pattern;
stiffening;
intellectual
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(epilepsy) ... (absence seizures) --> seen in children with certain types of epilepsy; expression goes ..., ... ceases for short period of time
not painful, but can happen frequently
not typically dangerous
petit mal;
| blank; movement
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(epilepsy) ... (tonic-clonic) seizures: complete loss of consciousness, ..., etc.
potentially life-threatening
anticonvulsive drugs can control epilepsy
vagal nerve stimulation can control epilepsy --> implanting ... on chest
grand mal; incontinence;
| small electrode
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there is a type of seizure that occurs when hemispheres ..., which can be cured by ....
two distinct ... residing in either side of the brain
communicate too much; cutting their corpus collosum; personalities
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consciousness:
perception of ...
voluntary ...and ... of movement
sensation;
| initiation; control
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4 different levels of loss of consciousness:
alertness
drowsiness (lethargy)
stupor: difficult to rouse; semi-...; even for long periods of time; not forming sentences, etc
coma: no ... whatsoever
alert;
| perception
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sleep:
state of either full or partial ...
two major types: REM and NREM
REM vital for ... to be maintained
unconsciousness;
| consciousness
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(sleep) first 30-45 mins, ... of NREM; then in about 90 mins, ... sleep begins
believed that dreaming occurs in REM
two stages; REM
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(sleep) NREM stage 1: starting to relax, moving from ... to ... waves (overthinking prevents this), easy to wake up
NREM stage 2: ... brain wave patterns; more difficult to wave
beta; alpha; irregular
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(sleep) NREM stage 3: ... waves; ... and ... slows; difficult to arouse
NREM stage 4: total ... waves; arousal is extremely difficult; patterns abruptly change to ... pattern at some point
delta; heartrate; breathing;
| delta; REM
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(sleep) REM and awake patterns are extremely
similar
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certain connections cut off during sleeping - essential bc if brain were to communicate with motor cortex while sleeping, you could act out dreams
... inhibited, otherwise you act out what you're dreaming about
RAS (reticular activation system)
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Hypothalamic neurons create... which are released by neurons that act as chemical signal to wake up; have to continually be manufactured; causes brain stem neurons in the ... to fire very fast and stimulate neurons in cortex to wake up
Orexins produced in cycles – part of ...; but when waking up, it’s a “massive dump”
orexins; reticular formation; circadian rhythm`
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... or .. cycles of REM in avg 8 hrs of sleep
3; 4
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as age increases, ... sleep declines
stage 4
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REM is necessary for ... because those deprived of REM but have all other stages of sleep do extremely poorly on memory tests
consolidation of memory;
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REM substantial for maintaining ...
good mood
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Sleep disorders:
o...: completely stop telling conscious mind to be awake and instantly fall asleep – abruptly
oSleep apnea:
...: alterations in soft palate in mouth, difficulty breathing
...: reticular activating system forgets to tell your lungs to breathe
o Insomnia:
Congenital disorder: ... --> lose ability to fall asleep somewhere between age of 30-50
• Over course between 6 months – 2 years: lose contact with reality, become..., and eventually die due to complications from not sleeping
Narcolepsy;
obstructive; central;
fatal familial insomnia;
psychotic
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...: very short intervals of time where you're awake, but for a fraction of each second, brain jumps into very short bouts of REM
microsleep
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language:
...
... area
... area
responsible for analyzing ... language and producing ... and ... structures
corresponding areas on right side of brain not involved in ... in verbal language
```
basal nuclei;
broca's;
wernicke's;
incoming; outgoing sounds and grammatical structures;
language consolidation
```
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...arousal can consolidate memory, as can ... and ..., and ... of old and new information
... memory: subconscious info stored in LTM
emotional; rehearsal; excitation; association;
| automatic;
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o Declarative memory: factual memory --> Explicit info, related to our... and ability to recognize the ..., stored in LTM in the context with which it Is learned
o Nondeclarative memory: unconscious/less conscious --> E.g. learning to ride a bike;... memory, ... memory (muscle memory) and ... memory
consciousness; language; Procedural; motor; emotional
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- Brain structures involved in declarative memory:
o...
o ... in basal forebrain --> .. neurons in basal forebrain, if damaged, makes memory ... impossible
Hippocampus; Ach; cholinergic; retrieval
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Declarative memory circuits:
o Sensory input goes to an... cortex which communicates with ...(hippocampus, etc), which communicates with and gives “reference and flavor” to... cortex; info goes to... and ... and memory is formed in thalamus
association; medial temporal lobe; prefrontal; thalamus; basal forebrain
76
```
Brain structures in nondeclarative:
o...
o... from --> these neurons are those that are lost in parkinson’s--> these neurons grants ability to consciously control movement
oMotor memory/muscle memory –...
o... --> emotional memory
```
Basal nuclei; Dopamine; substantia nigra; cerebellum;
| amygdala
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-Procedural circuit: ... to ... to ...to ... to ... --> no ... involved; communicating directly with basal nuclei and thalamus; involving ... circuits here rather than ... circuits, which is why these memories aren’t accessible ...
o This is why damage to hippocampus doesn’t create deficits to procedural memory
sensory; association; basal nuclei; thalamus; premotor cortex; forebrain; emotional; consciousness; consciously;
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During learning:
o... is necessary to form memories --> producing proteins that are somehow involved in memory consolidation
o ...
o... shape alterations associated with learning deficits
mRNA; synaptic spines; dendritic spine;
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during learning:
o during LTM formation, certain synapses are strengthened – concentrating more...at synapses used all the time
number and size of... tends to increase
also done by releasing more... in presynaptic neuron
increase is called ... --> potentiating effectiveness of synapse
• involves..., which opens calcium channels in post synaptic neuron --> more activation
synaptic vesicles ; terminals; neurotransmitters; long term potentiation; glutamate;
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-calcium will trigger enzymatic cascades, binds to ..., activates ..., will lead to formation of ...
o BDNF increases with .. activity and with exercise --> Better ...
calmodulin; CREB; BDNF; neuronal; exercise; memory recall
81
```
-Blood-brain barrier:
o Maintains stable enviro for brain
o Astrocyte feet telling endothelial cells to maintain ...
o...
o... can get in
```
tight junctions;
| Selective; small molecules;
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-Traumatic brain injuries:
o Subdural/subarachnoid hemorrhage can lead to ...
o Cerebral edema can occur due to ... or ...
severe swelling; infection; injury
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-Cerebrovascular accidents/strokes:
o Can be... episodes
o TPA can help inhibit ... and maintain bloodflow to prevent formation of ... in brain
temporary; blood clotting; plaques
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- Alzheimer’s not a ..., likely combination of several diseases that have similar impacts
- Huntington’s: slow decline of ...
single disease;
| cognitive function
