Exam 1 Info- Slides Contd 2 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord
…: evolutionary development of the rostral (anterior) portion of the CNS
increased …. in the head
highest level is reached in the human brain
A
cephalization;
number of neurons
2
Q
anterior end of the neural tube gives rise to three primary brain vesicles:
… -forebrain
… - midbrain
… - hindbrain
A
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
3
Q
primary vesicles give rise to five secondary brain vesicles:
… and … arise from the forebrain
… remains undivided
… and … arise from the hindbrain
A
telencephalon; diencephalon;
mesencephalon;
metencephalon; myelencephalon
4
Q
telencephalon –> … (two hemispheres with cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei)
A
cerebrum
5
Q
diencephalon –> …, …, …, and …
A
thalamus; hypothalamus; epithalamus; retina
6
Q
mesencephalon –> … (midbrain)
metencephalon –> .. (..) and …
A
brain stem;
brain stem; pons; cerebellum
7
Q
myelencephalon –> … )…)
central canal of the neural tube … to form fluid-filled ventricles
A
brain stem; medulla oblongata;
enlarges
8
Q
Effect of Space Restriction on Brain Development:
… and… cause forebrain to move toward the brainstem
A
midbrain flexure; cervical flexure
9
Q
Effect of Space Restriction on Brain Development:
cerebral hemispheres grow … and …
cerebral hemisphere surfaces crease and fold into ..
A
posteriorly; laterally;
convolutions
10
Q
adult brain regions:
- …
- .. (interbrain)
- … (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
- …
A
cerebral hemispheres;
diencephalon;
brain stem;
cerebellum
11
Q
brain: similar pattern with additional areas of …
nuclei in … and …
cortex of cerebellum and cerebrum
A
gray matter;
cerebellum; cerebrum
12
Q
ventricles of the brain:
connected to one another and to the … of the spinal cord
lined by … cells
A
central canal; ependymal
13
Q
ventricles of the brain:
contain …
two C-shaped lateral ventricles in the …
third ventricle in the …
fourth ventricle in the .., dorsal to the pons, develops from the lumen of the …
A
cerebrospinal fluid; cerebral hemispheres; diencephalon; hindbrain; neural tube
14
Q
ventricles of the brain: functions of CSF: 1. ... 2. ... 3. ...
A
thermoregulation;
shock absorption;
diffusion
15
Q
(cerebral hemispheres)
surface markings:
ridges (…), shallow grooves (…) and deep grooves (…)
A
gyri; sulci; fissures
16
Q
(cerebral hemispheres) five lobes: ... ... ... ... ...
A
frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital; insula
17
Q
(cerebral hemispheres) surface markings:
central sulcus: separates the … of the frontal lobe and the … of the parietal lobe
A
precentral gyrus; postcentral gyrus
18
Q
(cerebral hemispheres)
….: separates the two hemispheres
…: separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum
A
longitudinal fissure;
transverse cerebral fissure
19
Q
(cerebral cortex)
thin (2-4 mm) superficial layer of … (… of neurons)
..% the mass of the brain
site of …
A
gray matter; cell bodies;
40;
conscious mind
20
Q
(cerebral cortex) site of conscious mind: ... ... perception ... initiation ... ... ...
A
awareness; sensory; voluntary motor; communication; memory storage; understanding
21
Q
(cerebral cortex)
each hemisphere connects to … side of the body
there is … of cortical function in the hemispheres
A
contralateral;
lateralization
22
Q
(functional areas of the cerebral cortex)
the three types of functional areas are
1. …: control voluntary movement
2. …: conscious awareness and sensation
3. …: integrate diverse information
conscious behavior involves …
A
motor areas;
sensory areas;
association areas;
the entire cortex
23
Q
(functional areas of the cerebral cortex)
motor areas:
… (…) motor cortex
… cortex
… area (often found on the anatomically left side in most people)
… field
A
primary; somatic;
premotor;
Broca’s;
frontal eye
24
Q
(functional areas of the cerebral cortex) primary motor cortex:
large pyramidal cells of the …
… axons –> … (…) tracts
A
precentral gyri; long; pyramidal; corticospinal
25
(functional areas of the cerebral cortex)
primary motor cortex:
allows conscious control of .., ..., .... movements
...: upside-down caricatures representing the motor innervation of body regions
precise; skilled; voluntary; motor homunculi
26
(functional areas of the cerebral cortex) premotor cortex: '
anterior to the ...
controls .., ..., or ... motor skills
precentral gyrus;
| learned; repetitious; patterned
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(functional areas of the cerebral cortex) premotor cortex:
coordinates ... or ... actions
involved in the planning of movements that depend on ...
simultaneous; sequential;
| sensory feedback
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(functional areas of the cerebral cortex) broca's area:
anterior to the inferior region of the ...
present in ... (usually the left)
a motor speech area that directs muscles of the ...
is active as one ...
premotor area;
one hemisphere;
tongue;
prepares to speak
29
(functional areas of the cerebral cortex) frontal eye field;
anterior to the ... and superior to ...
controls ... movements
premotor cortex; Broca's area;
| voluntary eye
30
```
(sensory areas)
... cortex
... cortex
... areas
... areas
... cortex
... cortex
... area
... cortex
```
```
primary somatosensory;
somatosensory association;
visual;
auditory;
olfactory;
gustatory;
visceral sensory;
vestibular
```
31
primary somatosensory cortex:
in the ...
receives sensory information from the .., .., and ...
capable of ...: identification of body region being stimulated
postcentral gyri;
skin; skeletal muscles; joints;
spatial discrimination
32
somatosensory association cortex:
posterior to the ...
integrates ... input from ...
determines ..., ..., and ... of parts of objects being felt
primary somatosensory cortex; sensory; primary somatosensory cortex;
size; texture; relationship
33
```
(visual areas)
primary visual (striate) cortex:
extreme posterior tip of the ...
most of it is buried in the ...
receives visual information fromt he ...
```
occipital lobe;
calcarine sulcus;
retinas
34
(visual areas)
visual association area:
surrounds the ...
use past visual experiences to interpret ... (e.g. color, form, and movement)
complex processing involves entire ... half of the hemispheres
primary visual cortex;
visual stimuli;
posterior
35
(auditory areas) primary auditory cortex:
superior margin of the ...
interprets information from inner ear as ..., ..., and ...
temporal lobes;
| pitch; loudness; location
36
(auditory areas) auditory association area:
located posterior to the ...
stores ... of sounds and permits ... of sounds
primary auditory cortex; memories; perception
37
olfactory cortex:
medial aspect of ... lobes (in ... lobes)
part of the primitive ..., along with the ... and ...
temporal; piriform;
| rhinencephalon; olfactory bulbs; tracts
38
olfactory cortex:
remainder of the rhinencephalon in humans besides olfactory cortex is part of the ... system
region of conscious awareness of ...
limbic;
| odors
39
gustatory cortex:
in the ...
involved in the perception of ...
insula; taste
40
visceral sensory area:
posterior to ...
conscious perception of ... (e.g. upset stomach/full bladder)
gustatory cortex; visceral sensations
41
vestibular cortex:
posterior part of the ... and adjacent ...
responsible for conscious awareness of ... (position of the ... in space)
insula; parietal cortex;
| balance; head
42
multimodal association areas:
receive inputs from multiple ...
send ... to multiple areas, including the premotor cortex
allow us to give ... to information received, store it as ..., compare it to ..., and decide on action to take
```
sensory areas;
outputs;
meaning;
memory;
previous experience;
```
43
```
multimodal association areas:
three parts:
... association area (...)
... association area
... association area
```
anterior; prefrontal cortex;
posterior;
limbic
44
anterior association area (...)
most complicated cortical region
involved with ..., ..., ..., and ...
prefrontal cortex;
| intellect; cognition; recall; personality
45
anterior association area (prefrontal cortex):
contains working memory needed for ..., ..., ..., and ...
development depends on feedback from ...
judgment; reasoning; persistence; conscience;
| social environment
46
posterior association area:
large region in ..., ..., and ... lobes
plays a role in recognizing ... and ... and ... us in space
involved in understanding ... and ... language (... area)
temporal; parietal; occipital;
patterns; faces; localizing;
written; spoken;
Wernicke's
47
limbic association area:
part of the ... system
provides ... impact that helps establish ...
limbic;
emotional;
memories
48
functional brain systems:
networks of neurons that work together and span wide areas of the brain:
... system
...
limbic;
| reticular
49
(limbic system) structures on the medial aspects of ... and ...
includes parts of the... and some cerebral structures that encircle the ...
cerebral hemispheres; diencephalon;
diencephalon;
brains tem
50
(limbic system)
emotional or affective brain:
...- recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits the fear response
... - plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict
amygdala;
| cingulate gyrus
51
(limbic system) puts emotional responses to
odors
52
(limbic system) the limbic system interacts with the ... lobes, therefore:
we can react ... to things we consciously understand to be happening
we are consciously aware of ... in our lives
prefrontal lobes;
| emotionally; emotional richness
53
(limbic system) ... and ... - play a role in memory
hippocampus; amygdala
54
(reticular formation) three broad columns along the length brain stem:
... nuclei
... (.. cell) group of nuclei
... (.. cell) group of nuclei
raphe;
medial; large;
lateral; small
55
(reticular formation) has far-flung axonal connections with ..., ..., ..., .., and ...
```
hypothalamus;
thalamus;
cerebral cortex;
cerebellum;
spinal cord
```
56
(reticular formation)
RAS (...)
sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it ... and ...
filters out ... and ... stimuli (about 99% of all stimuli)
severe injury results in ... (...)
reticular activating system;
conscious; alert;
repetitive; weak;
permanent unconsciousness; coma
57
```
(reticular formation)
motor function:
helps control ... limb movements
reticular autonomic centers regulate ... motor functions --> ..., ..., ... centers
fight or flight situations
```
```
coarse;
visceral;
vasomotor;
cardiac;
respiratory
```
58
electroencephalogam (EEG):
records ... activity that accompanies brain function
measures ...differences between various cortical areas
electrical;
| electrical potential
59
```
brain waves:
patterns of neuronal ...
generated by ... activity in the cortex
each person's brain waves are ...
can be grouped into four classes based on ... measured as ... (Hz)
```
electrical activity;
synaptic;
unique;
frequency; Hertz
60
(types of brain waves)
| ... (8-13 Hz): regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, synchronous waves indicating an ... brain
alpha waves; idling
61
(types of brain waves)
| ... waves (14-30 Hz): rhythmic, less regular waves occurring when mentally ...
beta; alert
62
(types of brain waves) ... waves (4-7 Hz): more irregular; common in children and uncommon in adults
theta
63
(types of brain waves) ... waves (4 Hz or less): high-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when reticular activating system is .., or during ...; may indicate ...
delta; damped; anesthesia; brain damage
64
(brain waves: state of the brain) change with ..., ..., ..., and the ... state of the body
age; sensory stimuli; brain disease; chemical
65
(brain waves: state of the brain) EEGs used to diagnose and localize brain ..., ..., ..., ..., ..., and ... lesions
lesions; tumors; infarcts; infections; abscesses; epileptic
66
(brain waves: state of the brain) a ... (no ...) is clinical evidence of death
flat EEG; electrical activity
67
epilepsy:
| a victim of epilepsy may lose ..., fall ..., and have uncontrollable ...
consciousness; stiffly; jerking
68
epilepsy:
epilepsy is not associated with ...
epilepsy occurs in ...% of the population
intellectual impairments; 1;
69
(epileptic seizures) ... or ...: mild seizures seen in young children where the expression goes blank
absence seizures; petit mal
70
(epileptic seizures) ... (...) seizures: victim loses consciousness, bones are often broken due to intense contractions, may experience loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of the tongue
tonic-clonic; grand mal
71
control of epliepsy:
... drugs
... implanted under the skin of the chest can keep electrical activity of the brain from becoming chaotic
anticonvulsive;
| vagus nerve stimulators
72
(consciousness) conscious perception of ...
| voluntary ... and ... of movement
sensation;
| initiation; control
73
(consciousness) capabilities associated with higher mental processing (..., ..., ..., etc)
memory; logic; judgment
74
(consciousness) loss of consciousness (e.g. ... or ...) is a signal that brain function is impaired
fainting; syncope
75
```
(consciousness) clinically defined on a continuum that grades behavior in response to stimuli:
...
... (...)
...
...
```
alertness;
drowsiness; lethargy;
stupor;
coma
76
...: state of partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused by stimulation
sleep
77
two major types of sleep (defined by EEG patterns):
1 ... (...)
2. ... (...)
nonrapid eye movement; NREM;
| rapid eye movement; REM
78
first two stages of NREM occur during the first ...-... minutes of sleep
fourth stage is achieved in about ... minutes, and then REM sleep begins abruptly
30; 45; 90
79
REM: ... (except ocular muscles and diaphragm) are actively inhibited; most ... occurs
skeletal muscles; dreaming
80
NREM stage 1:
| ... begins; EEG shows ... waves, arousal is ...
relaxation; alpha; easy
81
NREM stage 2:
| irregular EEG with ... (short high-amplitude bursts); arousal is more ...
sleep spindles; difficult
82
NREM stage 3: sleep deepens; ... and ... waves appear; vital signs ...
theta; delta; decline
83
NREm stage 4: EEG is dominated by ... waves; arousal is difficult; ..., ..., and ... may occur
delta; bed-wetting; night terrors; sleepwalking
84
(sleep patterns) alternating cycles of ... and ... reflect a natural circadian (24-hour) rhythm
... activity is inhibited during, but RAS also mediates, dreaming sleep
sleep; wakefulness;
| RAS
85
(sleep patterns) the ... and ... nuclei of the hypothalamus time the sleep cycle
a typical sleep pattern alternates between ... and ... sleep
suprachiasmatic; preoptic;
| REM; NREM
86
(sleep patterns) hypothalamic neurons release peptides called ..., which act as "wake-UP!" chemical signals, causing brain stem reticular formational neurons to fire at ..., resulting in arousing the sleepy ...
orexins; maximal rate; cortex neurons
87
... sleep (NREM stages ... and ...) is presumed to be the restorative stage
people deprived of REM sleep become ... and ...
slow-wave; 3; 4;
| moody; depressed
88
REM sleep may be a ... process where superfluous information is purged from the brain
daily sleep requirements ... with age
reverse learning;
| decline
89
stage ... sleep declines steadily and may disappear after age 60
4
90
(sleep disorders)
...: lapsing abruptly into sleep from the awake state
...: chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed
...: temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
nacrolepsy;
insomnia;
sleep apnia
91
(language) language implementation system:
...
... and ... (in the association cortex on the left side)
analyzes incoming ...
producing outgoing ... and ... structures
basal nuclei;
broca's area; wernicke's area;
word sounds;
word sounds; grammatical structures
92
(language) corresponding areas on the right side are involved with ... language components
nonverbal
93
```
memory:
storage and retrieval of information
two stages of storage:
... (STM, or .. memory): temporary holding of information; limited to ... or ... pieces of info
... (LTM) has limitless capacity
```
short-term memory; working; seven; eight;
| long-term memory
94
factors that affect transfer from STM to LTM:
1. ... state: best if alert, motivated, surprised, and aroused
2. ...: repetition and practice
3. ...: tying new information with old memories
4. ... memory: subconscious information stored in LTM
emotional;
rehearsal;
association;
automatic memory
95
categories of memory:
1. ... memory (... knowledge):
explicit information
related to our ... thoughts and our ... ability
stored in LTM with ... in which it was learned
declarative; factual;
conscious; language;
context
96
categories of memory:
2. ... memory:
less conscious or unconscious
acquired through ... and ...
best remembered by ... ; hard to unlearn
includes ... (...) memory, ... memory, and ... memory
nondeclarative;
experience; repetition;
doing;
procedural; skills; motor; emotional
97
declarative memory (available to consciousness):
daily episodes
... and their meanings
...
words;
| history
98
```
nondeclarative (generally not available to consciousness):
.. skills
...
... cues
... skills
```
motor;
associations;
priming;
puzzle-solving
99
(brain structures involved in declarative memory) ... and surrounding ... function in consolidation and access to memory
... from basal forebrain is necessary for memory formation and retrieval
hippocampus; temporal lobes;
| ACh
100
(brain structures involved in nondeclarative memory)
procedural memory: ... relay sensory and motor inputs to the thalamus and premotor cortex
... from ... is necessary
basal nuclei;
| dopamine; substantia nigra
101
(brain structures involved in nondeclarative memory)
motor memory: ...
emotional memory: ...
cerebellum;
| amygdala
102
(molecular basis of memory) during learning:
... is synthesized and moved to axons and dendrites
... change shape
altered mRNA:
| dendritic spines
103
(molecular basis of memory) during learning:
extracellular proteins are deposited at synapses involved in ...
number and size of ... may increase
more neurotransmitter is released by ...
Long-term memory;
presynaptic terminals;
presynaptic neurons
104
(molecular basis of memory) increase in ... (..., or LTP) is crucial
neurotransmitter (...) binds to NMDA receptors, opening ... in postsynaptic terminal
synaptic strength; long-term potentiation;
| glutamate; calcium channels
105
(molecular basis of memory)
calcium influx triggers enzymes that modify proteins of the ... terminal and ... terminal (via release of ... messengers)
postsynaptic; presynaptic; retrograde messengers
106
(molecular basis of memory)
enzymes trigger ... activation for synthesis of ... proteins, in presence of ... (cAMP response-element binding protein) and ... (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)
postsynaptic gene; synaptic; CREB; BDNF
107
blood-brain barrier:
helps maintain a ... environment for the brain
separates neurons from some ... substances
stable;
| bloodborne
108
```
blood-brain barrier:
composition:
continuous endothelium of ...
...
... --> provide signal to endothelium for the formation of ... junctions
```
capillary walls;
basal lamina;
feet of astrocytes; tight
109
blood-brain barrier:
selective barrier: allows nutrients to move by ...
allows any ... substances to pass, including alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics
facilitated diffusion;
| fat-soluble
110
blood-brain barrier:
absent in some areas (e.g. ... center and the ..., where it is necessary to monitor the chemical composition of the blood_
vomiting center; hypothalamus
111
(homeostatic imbalances of the brain)
traumatic brain injuries:
...: temporary alteration in function
...: permanent damage
... or ...; may force brain stem through the foramen magnum, resulting in death
...: swelling of the brain associated with traumatic head injury
concussion;
contusion;
subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage;
cerebral edema
112
```
(homeostatic imbalances of the brain)
cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs/ strokes)
... is blocked and brain tissue dies (e.g. blockage of a cerebral artery by a ...)
typically leads to ..., or ... and ... deficits
```
blood circulation; blood clot;
| hemiplegia; sensory; speed
113
(homeostatic imbalances of the brain) cerebrovascular accidents:
... (TIAs): temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia
... is the only approved treatment for stroke
transient ischemic attacks;
| tissue plasminogen activator
114
(homeostatic imbalances of the brain) degenerative brain disorders:
... (AD): a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia
... disease: degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
... disease: a fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of the protein ... that leads to degeneration of the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
alzheimer's disease;
parkinson's disease
huntington's disease; huntingtin
