Exam 4 Lec Notes

Question 1

adaptive immune system … only in animals that have …

Answer 1

evolved from innate;

backbones

Question 2

innate immune system recognizes … through receptors

Answer 2

molecular patterns

Question 3

adaptive immune system is able to change its … in response to changes in the things that the innate immune system recognizes

Answer 3

receptors

Question 4

…: molecular messengers that all cells use to communicate

Answer 4

cytokines

Question 5

keratin … to many microorganisms

Answer 5

toxic

Question 6

sweat filled with … because this kills a lot of pathogens

Answer 6

salt

Question 7

defensins inhibit

Answer 7

bacterial growth

Question 8

…: lubrication in between individual layers of skin

Answer 8

sebum

Question 9

neutrophils not normally … - have more than one way of killing various pathogens

Answer 9

phagocytotic

Question 10

even when there is no infection, macrophages are found moving around in … because it is likely that one is …, which macrophages ingest

Answer 10

alveoli;

inhaling pathogens

Question 11

most macrophages are …

resident macrophages found in …

Answer 11

free macrophages;

skin

Question 12

process of marking things with various proteins (either … or …) –> …

Answer 12

complement system;
antibodies;
opsonization

Question 13

macrophages extend long … and pull pathogens into phagosome

Answer 13

pseudopodal arms out

Question 14

… is where bacteria is actually digested

Answer 14

phagolysosome

Question 15

neutrophils employ … - find target and makes contact, it then exocytoses vesicles containing the exact same chemicals as … and …
neutrophils … after doing this

Answer 15

respiratory burst;
H2O2; bleach;
die

Question 16

defensins form a

Answer 16

hole

Question 17

natural killer cells specialize in … but kill in a variety of ways

Answer 17

apoptosis

Question 18

inflammation is response body has for …

does not … - not involved in …

Answer 18

damage;
repair tissue;
repair mechanism

Question 19

in severe inflammatory responses, there is complete …

if systemic, can lead to …

Answer 19

impairment of function;

death

Question 20

… secreted by macrophages to trigger inflammatory reaction

Answer 20

pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 21

… = vasodilation – flooding of … and … into the area

causes heat and redness in inflammatory effect

Answer 21

hyperemia;

fluid; blood

Question 22

capillaries leaky so … can move into damaged tissue during inflammatory effect
also causes … to start building up in damaged tissue

Answer 22

WBCs;

fluid

Question 23

…: like bread trail for WBCs to area causing inflammation

Answer 23

chemokines

Question 24

… treat inflammation by reducing swelling to eliminate pain

Answer 24

NSAIDs

Question 25

temp increase can increase ... and can also be deadly to certain pathogens

Answer 25

metabolic rate

Question 26

because neutrophils are so abundant, these are usually ... | neutrophils activated within ... whereas macrophages activated after ...

Answer 26

first responders; minutes; 12 hrs

Question 27

CAMs ... of passing WBCs, allowing them to enter tissues from capillary beds and follow ... to where invading pathogens are

Answer 27

slow rolling; | chemotactic trail

Question 28

interferons secreted by virus-infected cells into ... and binds to receptors on ... cells to promote production of ... materials

Answer 28

extracellular fluid; neighboring; antiviral

Question 29

interferons -- an attempt to save cells in ... | also bind to and activate ... cells

Answer 29

local neighborhood; | natural killer

Question 30

interferon gamma NOT produced by ...; produced by ... themselves

Answer 30

virus-infected cells; | WBCs

Question 31

complement is major way of destroying pathogens - we don't get killed by complement because many substances (such as ...) coating body cells which stops activation of complement

Answer 31

sialic acid

Question 32

once complement is activated it doesn't stop kills cells through ... ... activate classical complement system

Answer 32

lysis; | bound antibodies

Question 33

lectins bind to ... (....) --> activates complement system

Answer 33

sugars; manose residues

Question 34

alternative pathway - other invading microorganisms aren't coated with the substances that ...

Answer 34

protect body cells

Question 35

C3 is major ... step in complement: | C3a activates ...

Answer 35

amplification; | inflammation

Question 36

C3b goes on to activate rest of complement cascade- formation of .... --> little ... that punches a ... in the membrane of a pathogenic organism

Answer 36

membrane attack complex; hypodermic; hole

Question 37

C3a is ... (like ...) | ... forms membrane attack complex

Answer 37

anaphylatoxin; anaphylaxis; | C9