Exam 2 Info - Slides Contd Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
blood vessels: delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart
arteries: carry blood … heart; oxygenated except for … and …
capillaries: contact …; directly serve cellular needs
veins: carry blood … heart
A
away from; pulmonary circulation; umbilical vessels of fetus;
tissue cells;
toward
2
Q
(structure of blood vessel walls) …: central blood-containing space
A
lumen
3
Q
(structure of blood vessel walls) three wall layers in arteries and veins: …, …, and …
A
tunica intima; tunica media; tunica externa
4
Q
(structure of blood vessel walls) capillaries: … with sparse …
A
endothelium; basal lamina
5
Q
(tunics) tunica intima:
… lines lumen of all vessels –> continuous with .., slick surface reduces …
A
endothelium; endocardium; friction
6
Q
(tunics) tunica intima:
… in vessels larger than 1 mm; connective tissue basement membrane
A
subendothelial layer
7
Q
(tunics) tunica media:
… and sheets of …
sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers control … and … of vessels –> influence blood .. and …
A
smooth muscle; elastin;
vasoconstriction; vasodilation;
flow; pressure
8
Q
(tunics) tunica externa (tunica adventitia):
… protect and reinforce; anchor to surrounding structures
contains …, …
… of larger vessels nourishes external layer
A
collage fibers;
nerve fibers; lymphatic vessels;
vasa vasorum
9
Q
vessels vary in …, …, …, …
A
length; diameter; wall thickness; tissue makeup
10
Q
(arterial system: elastic arteries) large thick-walled arteries with … in all three tunics
… and its major branches
large lumen offers …
A
elastin;
aorta;
low-resistance
11
Q
(arterial system: elastic arteries) inactive in …
act as … - expand and recoil as blood ejected from heart – smooth pressure downstream
A
vasoconstriction;
pressure reservoirs
12
Q
(arterial system: muscular arteries) … to elastic arteries – deliver blood to …
thick … with more smooth muscle
active in …
A
distal; body organs;
tunica media;
vasoconstriction
13
Q
(arterial system: arterioles) smallest arteries
lead to …
control flow into these regions via … and …
A
capillary beds; vasodilation; vasoconstriction
14
Q
(capillaries) microscopic blood vessels
walls of thin tunica intima –> in smallest … forms entire circumference
… help stabilize their walls and control permeability
diameter allows only … to pass at a time
A
oen cel;
pericytes;
single RBC
15
Q
(capillaries) in all tissues except for …, …, … and … of eye
A
cartilage; epithelia; cornea; lens
16
Q
(capillaries) provide … to almost every cell
functions:
exchange of …, …, …, …, etc., between blood and interstitial fluid
A
direct access;
gases; nutrients; wastes; hormones;
17
Q
(capillaries) three structural types:
…. capillaries
… capillaries
… capillaries (…)
A
continuous;
fenestrated;
sinusoid; sinusoids
18
Q
(continuous capillaries) abundant in skin and muscles:
… connect endothelial cells
… allow passage of fluids and small solutes
A
tight junctions;
intercellular clefts
19
Q
(continuous capillaries) continuous capillaries of brain unique:
tight junctions are …, forming …
A
complete; blood-brain barrier
20
Q
(fenestrated capillaries) some endothelial cells contain … (…)
more … than continuous capillaries
A
pores; fenestrations;
permeable
21
Q
(fenestrated capillaries) function in … or … formation (small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys)
A
absorption; filtrate
22
Q
(sinusoid capillaries) fewer …; usually …; larger …; large …
A
tight junctions; fenestrated; intercellular clefts; lumens
23
Q
(sinusoid capillaries) blood flow … — allows …
large molecules and blood cells pass between blood and surrounding tissues
A
sluggish; modification
24
Q
(sinusoid capillaries) found only in the …, …, …, …
… in lining to destroy bacteria
A
liver; bone marrow; spleen; adrenal medulla;
macrophages
25
(capillary beds) microcirculation:
interwoven networks of capillaries between ... and ...
terminal arteriole --> ...
arterioles; venules;
| metarteriole
26
(capillary beds) microcirculation:
| metarteriole continuous with ... (intermediate between capillary and venule)
thoroughfare channel
27
(capillary beds) thoroughfare channel --> ... that drains bed
postcapillary venule
28
(capillary beds) ... (....-... channel): directly connects terminal arteriole and postcapillary venule
vascular shunt; metarteriole-thoroughfare
29
(capillary beds) ...: 10 to 100 exchange vessels per capillary bed
branch off metarteriole or terminal arteriole
true capillaries
30
true capillaries normally branch from ... and return to ...
metarteriole; thoroughfare channel
31
... regulate blood flow into true capillaries -- blood may go into true capillaries or to shunt
regulated by ... and ...
precapillary sphincters; local chemical conditions; vasomotor nerves
32
sphincters open -- blood flows through ...
| sphincters closed - blood flows through ... channel and bypasses true capillaries
true capillaries;
| metarteriole-thoroughfare
33
(venules) formed when capillary beds ... --> smallest postcapillary venules; very ...; allow ... and ... into tissues
consist of ... and a few ...
unite;
porous; fluids; WBCs;
endothelium; pericytes
34
(venules) larger venules have one or two layers of
smooth muscle cells
35
(veins) formed when venules converge
have ... walls, ... lumens compared with corresponding arteries
blood pressure ... than in arteries
thinner; larger;
| lower
36
(veins) thin ...; thick ... of collagen fibers and elastic networks
called ... (...); contain up to 65% of blood supply
tunica media; tunica externa;
| capacitance vessels; blood reservoirs
37
(veins) adaptations ensure return of blood to heart despite low pressure:
large diameter lumens offer ...
... prevent backflow of blood --> most abundant in veins of....
...: flattened veins with extremely thin walls (e.g. coronary sinus of the heart and dural sinuses of the brain)
little resistance;
venous valves; limbs;
venous sinuses
38
...: volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation in given period
blood flow
39
blood flow:
measured as ...
equivalent to ... for entire vascular system
relatively ... when at rest
varies widely through individual organs, based on needs
ml/min;
cardiac output;
constant
40
blood pressure:
... per ... exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
expressed in ...
measured as ... in large arteries near heart
force; unit area;
mm Hg;
systemic arterial BP
41
blood pressure:
| ... provides driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas
pressure gradient
42
resistance (peripheral resistance): ...
| measure of amount of ... blood encounters with vessel walls, generally in peripheral (...) circulation
opposition to flow; friction; systemic
43
three important sources of resistance:
blood ...
total ...
blood vessel ...
viscosity;
blood vessel length;
diameter
44
(resistance) factors that remain relatively constant:
...: the "stickiness" of blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins
...
blood viscosity;
| blood vessel length
45
(resistance) increased viscosity = ... resistance
| longer vessel = ... encountered
increased; greater resistance
46
(resistance) ... is greatest influence on resistance
frequent changes alter ...
varies inversely with ... of vessel radius
blood vessel diameter;
peripheral resistance;
fourth power
47
(resistance) ... major determinants of peripheral resistance
small-diameter arterioles
48
(resistance) abrupt changes in diameter or fatty plaques from ... dramatically increase resistance --> disrupt ... and cause ...
... equals increased resistance
atherosclerosis;
laminar flow; turbulent flow;
irregular fluid motion
49
(resistance) blood flow (F) directly proportional to ...
| if this latter variable increases, blood flow ...
pressure gradient (delta P); speeds up
50
(resistance) blood flow inversely proportional to ...
if the latter variable increases, blood flow ...
F = ...
peripheral resistance; decreases;
| delta P/ R
51
(resistance) R more important in influencing local blood flow because easily changed by altering ...
blood vessel diameter
52
systemic blood pressure:
... of heart generates blood flow
pressure results when flow is ...
pumping action;
| opposed by resistance
53
```
systemic blood pressure:
highest in ...
... throughout pathway
0 mm Hg in ...
steepest drop occurs in ...
```
aorta;
declines;
right atrium;
arterioles
54
```
arterial blood pressure:
reflects two factors of arteries close to heart:
... (.../...)
... forced into them at any time
blood pressure near heart is ...
```
elasticity; compliance; distensibility;
volume of blood;
pulsatile
55
arterial blood pressure:
systolic pressure: pressure exerted in ... during ...
averages ... mm Hg in normal adult
aorta; ventricular contraction; 120
56
arterial blood pressure:
| ...: lowest level of aortic pressure
diastolic pressure
57
arterial blood pressure:
... = difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
throbbing of arteries (...)
pulse pressure;
| pulse
58
arterial blood pressure:
| ....: pressure that propels blood to tissues
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
59
arterial blood pressure:
MAP = ... + ...
pulse pressure and MAP both ... with increasing distance from heart
diastolic pressure; 1/3 pulse pressure;
| decline
60
capillary blood pressure:
ranges from ... to ... mm Hg
low capillary pressure is desirable:
high BP would ... fragile, thin-walled capillaries
most very permeable, so low pressure forces filtrate into ...
17; 35;
rupture;
interstitial spaces
61
venous blood pressure:
changes ... during cardiac cycle
small pressure gradient: about ... mm Hg
low pressure due to cumulative effects of ...
energy of blood pressure lost as ... during each circuit
little;
15;
peripheral resistance;
heat
62
(factors aiding venous return) ...: contraction of skeletal muscles "milks" blood toward heart; valves prevent ...
....: pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing ... as thoracic veins expand
.... under sympathetic control pushes blood toward heart
muscular pump; backflow;
respiratory pump; abdominal veins
venoconstriction;
63
maintaining blood pressure:
| requires cooperation of ..., ..., and ... and supervision by ...
heart; blood vessels; kidneys; brain
64
main factors influencing blood pressure:
...
...
...
```
cardiac output (CO);
peripheral resistance (PR);
blood volume
```
65
maintaining blood pressure:
F = ...
CO = ...
delta P = ...
delta P/R;
delta P/R;
CO * R
66
maintaining blood pressure:
blood pressure = ...
blood pressure varies directly with ..., ..., and ...
changes in one variable quickly compensated for by changes in other variables
CO * PR (peripheral resistance);
| CO; PR; blood volume
67
(cardiac output) CO = ...
| normal: ... - ... L/min
SV (stroke volume); HR (heart rate)
| 5-5.5
68
(cardiac output) determined by ..., and ... and ... controls
venous return; neural; hormonal
69
(cardiac output) resting heart rate maintained by ... via ...
cardioinhibitory center; parasympathetic vagus nerves
70
(cardiac output) stroke volume controlled by
venous return
71
(cardiac output) during stress, cardioacceleratory center increases ... and ... via ... stimulation
... increases
heart rate; stroke volume; sympathetic stimulation;
| MAP
72
(control of blood pressure) short term ... and ... controls:
counteract fluctuations in blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance and CO
long term ... regulation: counteracts fluctuations in blood pressure by altering blood volume
neural; hormonal; renal
73
(control of blood pressure) neural controls of peripheral resistance:
maintain MAP by altering ... --> if low blood volume all vessels ... except those to heart and brain
alter ... to organs in response to specific demands
blood vessel diameter;
constricted;
blood distribution
74
```
(control of blood pressure) neural controls operate via ... that involve:
...
cardiovascular center of ...
... to heart and vascular smooth muscle
sometimes input from ... and higher ...
```
```
reflex arcs;
baroreceptors;
medulla;
vasomotor fibers;
chemoreceptors; brain centers
```
75
(cardiovascular center)
clusters of sympathetic neurons in medulla oversee changes in ... and ...
consists of ... and ...
CO; blood vessel diameter;
| cardiac centers; vasomotor center
76
(cardiovascular center)
vasomotor center sends steady impulses via ... to blood vessels --> moderate constriction called ...
receives inputs from ..., ..., and ...
sympathetic efferents; vasomotor tone;
| baroreceptors; chemoreceptors; higher brain centers
77
baroreceptors located in:
...
...
walls of large arteries of ... and ...
carotid sinuses;
aortic arch;
neck; thorax
78
increased blood pressure stimulates baroreceptors to ... to ...
inhibits ... and ... centers, causing arteriole dilation and venodilation
stimulates ... center --> decreased blood pressure
increase input; vasomotor center;
vasomotor; cardioacceleratory;
cardioinhibitory
79
decrease in blood pressure due to:
...
...
decreased ...
arteriolar vasodilation;
venodilation;
cardiac output
80
if MAP low:
reflex ... --> increased ... --> increased ...
ex. upon standing baroreceptors of ... reflex protect blood to brain; in systemic circuit as whole ... reflex maintains blood pressure
vasoconstriction; CO; blood pressure;
carotid sinus;
aortic
81
baroreceptors ... if altered blood pressure sustained
ineffective
82
... in aortic arch and large arteries of neck detect increase in ..., or drop in ... or ...
chemoreceptors; CO2; pH; O2
83
chemorceptors cause increased blood pressure by:
signaling ... --> increase ...
signaling ... --> increase ...
cardioacceleratory center; CO;
| vasomotor center; vasoconstriction
84
influences of higher brain centers in maintaining BP:
reflexes in ...
... and ... can modify arterial pressure via relays to medulla
medulla;
| hypothalamus; cerebral cortex
85
influences of higher brain centers in maintaining BP:
... increases blood pressure during stress
hypothalamus mediates ... during exercise and changes in ...
hypothalamus;
| redistribution of blood flow; body temperature
86
influences of hormonal controls in maintaining BP:
short term regulation via changes in ...
long term regulation via changes in ..
peripheral resistance; blood volume
87
influences of hormonal controls in maintaining BP:
cause increased blood pressure:
... and ... from adrenal gland --> increased ... and ...
... stimulates vasoconstriction
high ... levels cause vasoconstriction
epi; norepi;
CO; vasoconstriction;
angiotensin II;
ADH
88
influences of hormonal controls in maintaining BP:
cause lowered blood pressure:
... causes decreased blood volume by antagonizing ...
atrial natriuretic peptide; aldosterone
89
influences of renal reg in maintaining BP:
baroreceptors quickly adapt to chronic high or low BP so are ineffective
long term mechanisms control BP by altering ... via ...
blood volume; kidneys
90
influences of renal reg in maintaining BP:
kidneys regulate arterial blood pressure:
... renal mechanism
... renal (...) mechanism
direct;
| indirect; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
91
direct renal mechanism
alters blood volume ... of hormones:
increased BP or blood volume causes ..., thus reducing BP
decreased BP/blood volume causes kidneys to ..., and BP rises
also there is less ... by the kidneys
independently; elimination of more urine; conserve water; filtration
92
indirect renal mechanism:
the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism:
decreased arterial blood pressure leads to release of ..,. which catalyzes conversion of ... from liver to ..
renin;
| angiotensinogen; angiotensin I
93
indirect renal mechanism:
| angiotensin converting enzyme, esp from lungs, converts ... to ...
angiotensin I; angiotensin II
94
(functions of angiotensin II) ... blood volume:
stimulates ... secretion
causes ... release
triggers ... center
increases;
aldosterone;
ADH;
hypothalamic thirst
95
(functions of angiotensin II) causes ... directly increasing blood pressure -- increased peripheral resistance
vasoconstriction
96
(heart anatomy) approximately the size of
a fist
97
(heart anatomy) location:
in the ... between second rib and fifth intercostal space
on the superior surface of ...
two thirds to the left of the ...
anterior to the ..., posterior to the ...
```
mediastinum;
diaphragm;
midsternal line;
vertebral column;
sternum
```
98
(heart anatomy) heart is enclosed in ..., a double walled sac
pericardium
99
(pericardium) superficial ...: protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling
fibrous pericardium
100
(pericardium) deep two-layered ...:
... layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
... layer(...) on external surface of the heart
separated by ... (decreases friction)
serous pericardium;
parietal;
visceral; epicardium;
fluid-filled pericardial cavity
101
(3 layers of the heart wall) ...: visceral layer of the serous pericardium
epicardium
102
(3 layers of the heart wall) ...: spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells
... of the heart: crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue
anchors ...
supports ... and ...
limits ... to specific paths
```
myocardium;
fibrous skeleton;
cardiac muscle fibers;
great vessels; valves;
spread of action potentials
```
103
(3 layers of the heart wall) ... is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
endocardium
104
(chambers) four chambers:
two atria: separated internally by the ...
... (...) encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles
interatrial septum;
| coronary sulcus; atrioventricular groove
105
(chambers) two ventricles:
separated by the ...
anterior and posterior ... mark the position of the septum externally
interventricular septum;
| interventricular sulci
106
```
(atria: the receiving chambers) walls are ridged by ...
vessels entering right atrium:
...
...
...
```
pectinate muscles;
superior vena cava;
inferior vena cava;
coronary sinus
107
(atria: the receiving chambers) vessels entering left atrium:
right and left ...
pulmonary veins
108
(ventricles: the discharging chambers
.... project into the ventricular cavities
vessel leaving the right ventricle: ...
vessel leaving the left ventricle: ...
papillary muscles;
pulmonary trunk;
aorta
109
(pathway of blood through the heart) the heart is two side by side pumps:
right side is the pump for the ... circuit: vessels that carry blood to and from the ...
left side is the pump for the ...
vessels that carry the blood to and from all ...
pulmonary; lungs;
| systemic; body tissues
110
(pathway of blood through the heart) ... are where gas exchange occurs
capillary beds
111
(pathway of blood through the heart) ... to ... to ...
| beginning of right side for this one
right atrium; tricuspid valve; right ventricle
112
(pathway of blood through the heart) continuation of right side for this one:
... to ... to ... to ... to lungs
right ventricle; pulmonary semilunar valve; pulmonary trunk; pulmonary arteries
113
(pathway of blood through the heart) starting from lungs
| lungs to ... to ...
pulmonary veins; left atrium
114
(pathway of blood through the heart) from left atrium to ... to ...
bicuspid valve; left ventricle
115
(pathway of blood through the heart) from left ventricle to ... to ... to ...
aortic semilunar valve; aorta; systemic circulation
116
...: the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself
coronary circulation
117
(coronary circulation) arterial supply varies considerably and contains many ... (...) among branches
anastomoses; junctions
118
(coronary circulation) ... routes provide additional routes for blood delivery
collateral
119
(coronary circulation) arteries:
| ... and ... (in ... groove), ..., ..., and anterior ... arteries
right and left coronary; atrioventricular;
marginal;
circumflex;
interventricular
120
(coronary circulation) veins:
...
...
..
small cardiac;
anterior cardiac;
great cardiac
121
(homeostatic imbalances) angina pectoris: thoracic pain
caused by a fleeting deficiency in ... to the ...
cells are ...
blood delivery; myocardium; weakened
122
(homeostatic imbalances) myocardial infarction (...):
prolonged ...
areas of cell death are repaired with ...
heart attack;
coronary blockage;
noncontractile scar tissue
123
(heart valves) ensure ... blood flow through the heart
unidirectional
124
(heart valves) atrioventricular valves:
prevent backflow into the ... when ... contract
... valve (right)
... valve (left)
atria; ventricles;
tricuspid;
mitral
125
(heart valves) ... anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscles
chordae tendineae
126
(heart valves) semilunar (SL) valves:
prevent backflow into the ... when ... relax
... semilunar valve
... semilunar valve
ventricles; ventricles;
aortic;
pulmonary
127
(heart valves) 1. blood returning to the heart fills atria, putting pressure against ... valves, which forces them open
2. as ventricles fill, this valve flaps hang limply into ventricles
3. atria ..., forcing additional blood into ventricles
Atrioventricular;
| contract
128
(heart valves) AV valves open; ... pressure greater than ... pressure
atrial; ventricular
129
(heart valves) 1. ventricles contract, forcing blood against ...
2. ... valves close
3. ... contract and chordae tendieae tighten, preventing valve flops from everting into atria
atrioventricular valve cusps;
atrioventricular valves;
papillary muscles
130
(heart valves) AV valves closed; ... pressure less than ... pressure
atrial; ventricular
131
(heart valves) as ventricles contract and ... pressure rises, blood is pushed up against ... valves, forcing them open
as ventricles relax and ... pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the ... and forcing them to close
intraventricular; semilunar;
| intraventricular; cusps of semilunar valves
132
(microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle) cardiac muscle cells are ..., ..., ..., ..., and ...
striated; short; fat; branched; interconnected
133
(microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle) ... (...) connects to the fibrous skeleton
connective tissue matrix; endomysium
134
(microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle) T tubules are wide but less ...; SR is ... than in skeletal muscle
numerous large ... (25-35% of cell volume)
numerous; simpler;
| mito
135
(microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle) ...: junctions between cells anchor cardiac cells
... prevent cells from separating during contraction
... allow ions to pass; electrically couple adjacent cells
intercalated discs;
desmosomes;
gap junctions
136
(microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle) heart muscle behaves as a ...
functional syncytium
137
(indirect renal mechanism for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) decreased arterial pressure leads to inhibition of ... and increased ... nervous system activity, followed by ... release from the kidneys
baroreceptors;
sympathetic NS;
renin
138
(indirect renal mechanism for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) angiotensin II activates adrenal cortex and leads to secretion of ... which leads to increase of ... and ... reabsorption by the kidneys which leads to increase in ... along with the water intake from hypothalamus, lead leads to increase in arterial pressure
aldosterone; sodium and water;
| blood volume
139
(factors that increase MAP) increased activity of muscular pump and respiratory pump leads to increased ... and increased ... which increases ... and thus increases mean arterial pressure
venous return; stroke volume; cardiac output
140
(factors that increase MAP) decreased release of ANP increases conservation of ... and ... by kidneys which increases blood volume which increases venous return which increases stroke volume which increases cardiac output
Na+; water;
141
(factors that increase MAP) fluid loss from ..., excessive ... leads to decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure which activates ... and activates ... and ... centers in brain stem which increases stroke volume, heart rate, and ... of blood vessels
hemorrhage; sweating;
| baroreceptors; vasomotor; cardioacceleratory; diameter
142
(factors that increase MAP)
| increased ..., .... (epinephrine, NE, ADH, angiotensin II)
vasomotor tone; bloodborne chemicals
143
(factors that increase MAP) ..., and high ... and increased ...
dehydration; hematocrit; body size
