Ch. 16 Part B PPT Notes Flashcards by Gail I

(thyroid gland) two lateral lobes connected by median mass called …
composed of follicles that produce glycoprotein ….

isthmus;

thyroglobulin

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(thyroid gland) … (… + …) fills lumen of follicles and is precursor of .. hormone

colloid;
thyroglobulin + iodine;
thyroid

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(thyroid gland) … cells produce the hormone …

parafollicular;

calcitonin

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(thyroid hormone-TH) actually two related compunds:
… (…); has 2 tyrosine molecules + 4 bound iodine atoms
… (…); has 2 tyrosines + 3 bound iodine atoms
affects virtually every cell in body

T4; thyroxine;

T3; triiodothyronine

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(thyroid hormone-TH)
major … hormone
increases … and … production (… effect)

metabolic;
metabolic rate;
heat production; calorigenic

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(thyroid hormone-TH) 
regulation of tissue growth and development: 
development of ... and ... systems 
... capabilities 
maintenance of ...

skeletal; nervous;
reproductive;
blood pressure

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(synthesis of thyroid hormone) thyroid gland stores hormone …
… synthesized and discharged into follicle lumen
… actively taken into cell and released into lumen

extracellularly;
thyroglobulin;
iodides (I-);

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(synthesis of thyroid hormone) iodide oxidized to …, which then attaches to …, mediated by … enzymes

iodine (I2);
tyrosine;
peroxidase

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(synthesis of thyroid hormone) iodinated tyrosines link together to form … and …
colloid is … and combined with …
T3 and T4 are … and diffuse into bloodstream

T3; T4;
endocytosed;
lysosome;
cleaved

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(synthesis of thyroid hormone)

thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the …
iodide is trapped (… transported in)
iodide is oxidized to iodine through … enzyme
iodine is attached to tyrosine in colloid, forming … and …

follicle lumen;
actively;
thyroid peroxidase
DIT; MIT

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(synthesis of thyroid hormone)

… are linked together to form T3 and T4
thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed and combined with a …
… enzymes cleave T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin and hormones diffuse into bloodstream

iodinated tyrosines;
lysosome;
lysosomal;

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(synthesis of thyroid hormone) … is a protein that facilitates transport of thyroid hormone to appropriate tissues

thyroxine-binding globulins

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(transport and regulation of TH) T4 and T3 transported by … (TBGs)
both bind to target receptors, but … is ten times more active
peripheral tissues convert … to …

thyroxine-binding globulins;
T3;
T4; T3

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(transport and regulation of TH) negative feedback regulation of TH release:
rising TH levels provide negative feedback inhibition on release of …
hypothalamic … can overcome negative feedback during … or exposure to …

TSH;
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH);
pregnancy; cold

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(homeostatic imbalances of TH) hyposecretion in adults–…; … if due to lack of iodine
hyposecretion in infants- …
hypersecretion- … disease

myxedema; goiter;
cretinism;
Graves’

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(homeostatic imbalances of TH)

graves is …. the immune system also attacks … and scar tissue pushes the eyes out

autoimmune;

eye muscles

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(calcitonin) produced by … cells
no known physiological role in hormones
antagonist to …

parafollicular (C) cells;

parathyroid hormone; PTH

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(calcitonin) at higher than normal doses:
inhibits … activity and release of … from bone matrix
stimulates … and incorporation into …

osteoclast;
Calcium;
Calcium uptake;
bone matrix

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(parathyroid glands) … to … tiny glands embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid

four; eight

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(parathyroid glands) contain … cells (function unknown) and … cells that secrete … or …

oxyphil;
parathyroid;
parathyroid hormone (PTH); parathormone

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(parathyroid glands) PTH- most important hormone in

calcium homeostasis

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(parathyroid hormone) functions:

1. stimulates osteoclasts to … and release … to blood

digest bone matrix; calcium

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(parathyroid hormone) functions:

2. enhances … and secretion of … by kidneys

reabsorption of Ca2_;

phosphate

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(parathyroid hormone) functions:
3. promotes activation of … (by kidneys); increases absorption of calcium by …
negative feedback control: rising … in blood inhibits PTH release

vitamin D;
intestinal mucosa;
Ca2+

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(parathyroid hormone) ... (low blood calcium) stimulates PTH release from parathyroid gland which increases osteoclast activity in bone and thus causes ... and ... release into blood also increases calcium reabsorption in kidney tissue and increased activation of vit D by kidney which leads to increased calcium absorption from ... in ...

hypocalcemia; Ca2+; PO43-; food; small intestine

(homeostatic imbalances of PTH) hyperparathyroidism due to ...: bones ... and ... elevated calcium depresses ... system and contributes to formation of ...

tumor; soften; deform; nervous; kidney stones

(homeostatic imbalances of PTH) hypoparathyroidism following gland ... or ... or dietary ... deficiency: results in ..., ..., and ...

trauma; removal; magnesium; | tetany; respiratory paralysis; death

...: paired, pyramid shaped organs atop kidneys

(adrenal/suprarenal glands)

(adrenal/suprarenal glands) structurally and functionally are two glands in one ...- nervous tissue; part of sympathetic NS ...- three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids

adrenal medulla; | adrenal cortex

(adrenal cortex) three layers of cortex produce the different corticosteroid: 1. zona ... - ... 2. zona ... - ... 3. zona ... - ...

glomerulosa; mineralocorticoids; fasciculata; glucocorticoids; reticularis; gonadocorticoids

(adrenal cortex) zona glomerulosa- ... layer produces mineralocorticoids- hormones that help control balance of ... and ... in the blood

superficial; | minerals; h2o

(adrenal cortex) zona fasciculata- ... layer: mainly produces the ... hormones- ...

middle metabolic; glucocorticoids

(adrenal cortex) zona reticularis- the ... layer- produce small amounts of adrenal ... hormones or ...

innermost; sex; gonadocorticoids

(mineralocorticoids) regulate ... (primarily ... and ...) in ECF (extracellular fluid)

electrolytes; | Na+; K+

(mineralocorticoids) importance of sodium: affects ECF ..., ...., ..., levels of other ...

volume; blood volume; blood pressure; ions

(mineralocorticoids) importance of K+: sets ... of cells

RMP (resting membrane potential)

(mineralocorticoids) ... most potent mineralocorticoid: | stimulates ... and ... by kidneys; elimination of ...

aldosterone; sodium reabsorption; water retention; K+;

(aldosterone) release triggered by ... and ... | rising blood levels of ...

decreasing blood volume and blood pressure; | K+

(Homeostatic imbalances of aldosterone) ...- hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors: ... and ... due to excessive Na+ excretion of K+ leading to abnormal function of ... and ...

aldosteronism; hypertension; edema; neurons; muscle

(glucocorticoids) keep blood glucose levels relatively ... | maintain ... by increasing action of ...

constant; blood pressure; vasoconstrictors

(glucocorticoids) ... (...)-- only one in significant amounts in humans ... ...

cortisol; hydrocortisone cortisone; corticosterone

(glucocorticoids) Cortisol: released in response ..., patterns of ... and ..., and ...

ACTH; eating; activity; stress

(glucocorticoids) Cortisol: prime metabolic effect is ... - formation of glucose from ... and ...

gluconeogenesis; | fats; proteins

(glucocorticoids) cortisol: through gluconeogenesis promotes rise in ..., ..., and ... Saves glucose for the ...

blood glucose; fatty acids; amino acids; brain

(glucocorticoids) cortisol | enhances ... - rise in blood pressure to quickly ... to cells

vasoconstriction; | distribute nutrients

(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids) hypersecretion - ... syndrome/disease: depresses ... and ... formation inhibits ...

cushing's; cartilage; bone; inflammation

(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids) hypersecretion-cushing's; depresses ... disrupts ..., ..., and ... function

immune system; | cardiovascular; neural; gastrointestinal

(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids) hyposecretion- ... disease also involves deficits in ... decrease in ... and ... levels

addison's; mineralocorticoids; glucose; Na+

(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids) hyposecretion- addison's: ..., severe ..., and ...

weight loss; dehydration; hypotension

(homeostatic imbalances of glucocorticoids) characteristic of cushing's syndrome is ... of fat on upper back

buffalo hump

(gonadocorticoids-sex hormones) most weak ... (... hormones) converted to ... in tissue cells, some to ...

androgens; male sex; testosterone; estrogens

``` (gonadocorticoids-sex hormones) may contribute to: onset of ... appearance of ... ... in women ... in postmenopausal women ```

puberty; secondary sex characteristics; sex drive; estrogens

(gonadocorticoids-sex hormones) hypersecretion: ... syndrome (...) not noticeable in ...

adrenogenital syndrome; masculanization; | adult males

(gonadocorticoids-sex hormones) hypersecretion: females and prepubertal males: boys- reproductive organs mature; secondary sex characteristics .... females -..., masculine pattern of ...; clitoris resembles ...

emerge early; beard; body hair; small penis

(adrenal medulla) ... cells synthesize ... (80%) and ... (20%)

medullary chromaffin; epinephrine; norepinephrine

``` (adrenal medulla) effects: ... increased ... increased ... levels blood diverted to ..., ..., and ... ```

vasoconstriction; heart rate; blood glucose; brain; heart; skeletal muscle

(adrenal medulla) responses brief: epinephrine stimulates metabolic activities, .., and blood flow to ... and ... norepinephrine influences ... and ...

bronchial dilation; skeletal muscles; heart; peripheral vasoconstriction; blood pressure

``` (adrenal medulla) hypersecretion: ... increased ... rapid ... and ... ... intense ... ... ```

``` hyperglycemia; metabolic rate; heartbeat; palpitations; hypertension; nervousness; sweating ```

(adrenal medulla) hyposecretion: not ... adrenal ... not essential to life

problematic; | catecholamines

(pineal gland) small gland hanging from roof of ... | ... secrete ..., derived from ...

third ventricle; | pinealocytes; melatonin; serotonin

(pineal gland) melatonin may affect: timing of ... and ... ... cycles

sexual maturation; puberty; | day/night;

(pineal gland) melatonin may affect: physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (..., ..., ...) production of ... and ... molecules in cells

body temperature; sleep; appetite; | antioxidant; detoxification

(pancreas) triangular gland partially behind stomach | has both ... and ... cells

exocrine; endocrine

(pancreas) ... cells (exocrine) produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion ... (...) contain endocrine cells

acinar; | pancreatic islets; islets of langerhans

(pancreas) in islets: ... cells produce ... (hyperglycemic hormone) ... cells produce ... (hypoglycemic hormone)

alpha; glucagon; | beta; insulin

(glucagon) major target- ... | causes ...

liver; | increased blood glucose levels

(glucagon) effects: ... - breakdown of glycogen to glucose ... - synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbs release of ... to blood

glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis; glucose

(insulin) effects of insulin: ... blood glucose levels enhances membrane transport of glucose into ... and ... cells

lowers; | fats; muscle

(insulin) effects of insulin: inhibits ... and ... participates in ... development and ... and ...

glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis; neuronal; learning; memory

(insulin) non needed for glucose uptake in ..., ..., or ...

liver; kidney; brain

(insulin) action on cells: activates ... receptor cascade --> increased ...

tyrosine kinase enzyme; | glucose uptake

(insulin) action on cells: triggers enzymes to: catalyze ... of glucose for ... production - first priority polymerize glucose to form ... convert glucose to ... (particularly in ... tissue)

oxidation; ATP; glycogen; fat; adipose

normal blood glucose level (about ... mg/... mL)

90; 100

(factors that influence insulin release) elevated ... levels - primary stimulus rising blood levels of ... and ...

blood glucose; | amino acids; fatty acids

(factors that influence insulin release) release of ...by parasympathetic nerve fibers ...; ... nervous system

acetylcholine; | somatostatin; sympathetic

(factors that influence insulin release) hormones ..., ..., ..., ..., ...

glucagon; epinephrine; growth hormone; thyroxine; glucocorticoids

(homeostatic imbalances of insulin) diabetes mellitus (DM): | due to ... (type ...) or ... (type ...) of insulin

hyposecretion; 1; | hypoactivity; 2

``` (homeostatic imbalances of insulin) diabetes mellitus (DM): blood glucose levels remain high --> nausea --> higher blood glucose levels due to ... response ``` ...- glucose spilled into urine

fight or flight; | glycosuria

``` (homeostatic imbalances of insulin) diabetes mellitus (DM): fats used for cellular fuel --> ...; if severe --> ... (...) from fatty acid metabolism --> ... and ... ```

lipidemia; ketones; ketone bodies; ketonuria; ketoacidosis

``` (homeostatic imbalances of insulin) diabetes mellitus (DM): untreated ketoacidosis--> ...; disrupted ... activity and ... transport; depression of nervous system --> ... and ... possible ```

hyperpnea; heart; O2; coma; death

(diabetes mellitus: signs) three cardinal signs of DM: ...- huge urine output --> glucose acts as ... ...- excessive thirst --> from water loss due to ... ...-excessive hunger and food consumption --> bc cells cannot take up glucose; are "starving"

polyuria; osmotic diuretic; polydipsia; polyuria; polyphagia;

(homeostatic imbalances of insulin) ...: excessive insulin secretion causes ... --> low blood glucose levels

hyperinsulinism; | hypoglycemia

(homeostatic imbalances of insulin) hypoglycemia leads to ..., ..., ..., ..., even ... treated by sugar ingestion

``` anxiety; nervousness; disorientation; unconsciousness;' death ```

(ovaries and placenta) gonads produce ... hormones -- same as those of adrenal cortex

steroid sex

(ovaries and placenta) ovaries produce ... and ...

estrogens; progesterone

(ovaries and placenta) estrogen: maturation of reproductive organs appearance of ... characteristics with progesterone, causes ... development and cyclic changes in ...

secondary sexual; | breast; uterine mucosa

(ovaries and placenta) placenta secretes ..., ..., and ...

estrogens; progesterone; human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

(testes): testes produce ... --> initiates maturation of male reproductive organs causes appearance of male ... and .... necessary for normal ... production maintains reproductive organs in functional state

testosterone; secondary sexual characteristics; sex drive; sperm

(other hormone-producing structures) adipose: .... - appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure ... - insulin antagonist ... - enhances sensitivity to insulin

leptin; resistin; adiponectin

Ch. 16 Part B PPT Notes Flashcards

(89 cards)