Exam 4 PPT Notes - Ch. 21 Part 2

Question 1

(adaptive defenses) adaptive immune (specific defense) system:

1. protects against .. and … body cells
2. amplifies … response
3. activates …

Answer 1

infectious agents;
abnormal;
inflammatory;
complement

Question 2

(adaptive defenses) 4. must be primed by … to specific foreign substance –> … takes time

Answer 2

initial exposure;

priming

Question 3

(adaptive defenses) … - recognizes and targets specific antigens
… - not restricted to initial site

Answer 3

specific;

systemic

Question 4

(adaptive defenses) have … - stronger attacks to “known” antigens
two separate, overlapping arms
- … (…-mediated) immunity
- … (…-mediated) immunity

Answer 4

memory;
humoral; antibody;
cellular;
cell

Question 5

(humoral immunity) antibodies, produced by …, circulating freely in body fluids
bind temporarily to target cell
- temporarily …
- mark for destruction by … or …

Answer 5

lymphocytes;
inactivate;
phagocytes; complement

Question 6

(cellular immunity) lymphocytes act against target cell:
directly - by … infected cells
indirectly - by releasing chemicals that …; or activating other … or ….

Answer 6

killing;
enhance inflammatory response;
lymphocytes; macrophages

Question 7

(antigens) substances that can mobilize … and provoke an …

Answer 7

adaptive defenses; immune response

Question 8

(antigens) targets of …

most are …, … molecules not normally found in body (…)

Answer 8

all adaptive immune responses;
large; complex;
nonself

Question 9

(complete antigens) important functional properties:
…: ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes
…: ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions

Answer 9

immunogenicity;

reactivity

Question 10

(complete antigens) examples: 
... 
... 
... 
...

Answer 10

foreign protein;
polysaccharides;
lipids;
nucleic acids

Question 11

…: incomplete antigens; small molecules that are not immunogenic by themselves
e.g.: …, …, some …

Answer 11

haptens;
peptides;
nucleotides;
hormones

Question 12

(haptens-incomplete antigens) may be immunogenic if attached to … and combination is marked …
cause immune system to mount …

Answer 12

body proteins; foreign;

harmful attack

Question 13

(haptens-incomplete antigens) examples: 
... 
... 
... 
...

Answer 13

poison ivy;
animal dander;
detergents;
cosmetics

Question 14

only certain parts (…) of entire antigen are immunogenic

Answer 14

antigenic determinants

Question 15

antigenic determinants:

… and … bind to them as enzyme binds substrate

Answer 15

antibodies;

lymphocyte receptors

Question 16

(antigenic determinants) most naturally occurring antigens have numerous antigenic determinants that:
mobilize several different …
form different kinds of … against it

Answer 16

lymphocyte populations;

antibodies

Question 17

(antigenic determinants) …, chemically … molecules (e.g. …) have little or no immunogenicity

Answer 17

large;
simple;
plastics

Question 18

(self-antigens: MHC proteins) protein molecules (…) on surface of cells not antigenic to self but antigenic to others in … or …

Answer 18

self-antigens;
transfusions;
grafts

Question 19

(self-antigens: MHC proteins) example: MHC glycoproteins

coded by genes of … and …

Answer 19

major histocompatibility complex (MHC); unique to individual

Question 20

(self-antigens: MHC proteins) example: MHC glycoproteins
have groove holding … or …
lymphocytes only bind antigens on …

Answer 20

self- or foreign antigen;

MHC proteins

Question 21

(cells of the adaptive immune system) three types of cells:
two types of lymphocytes:
… lymphocytes (… cells) - … immunity
… lymphocytes (… cells) - … immunity

Answer 21

B; B; humoral;

T; T; cell-mediated

Question 22

(cells of the adaptive immune system) three types of cells:
… cells (APCs)
do not respond to specific …
play essential … roles in immunity

Answer 22

antigen-presenting cells;
antigens;
auxiliary

Question 23

(lymphocyte development, maturation, and activation) give general steps:

1. origin - all originate in …
2. ….
3. seeding … and …

Answer 23

red bone marrow;
maturation;
secondary lymphoid organs; circulation

Question 24

(lymphocyte development, maturation, and activation)

4. antigen … and …
5. … and …

Answer 24

encounter; activation;

proliferation; differentiation

Question 25

(maturation) "educated" as mature; B cells in ..., T cells in ... .... - lymphocyte can recognize one specific antigen by binding to it

Answer 25

bone marrow; thymus; | immunocompetence

Question 26

(maturation) immunocompetence: B or T cells display ... on surface when achieve maturity - bind ...

Answer 26

unique receptor; only one antigen

Question 27

(maturation) ...: lymphocytes unresponsive to own antigens

Answer 27

self-tolerance

Question 28

(T cells) mature in ... under ... and ... selection pressures ("...")

Answer 28

thymus; negative; positive; tests

Question 29

(T cells) positive selection: | selects T cells capable of recognizing ... (...); failures destroyed by ....

Answer 29

self-MHC proteins; MHC restriction; apoptosis

Question 30

(T cells) negative selection: prompts ... of T cells that bind to self-antigens displayed by ... ensures ...

Answer 30

apoptosis; self-MHC; self-tolerance

Question 31

seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation: ... but still naive lymphocytes leave the thymus and bone marrow they "seed " the ... and circulate through ... and ...

Answer 31

immunocompetent; secondary lymphoid organs; blood; lymph

Question 32

proliferation and differentiation: activated lymphocytes proliferate (multiply) and then differentiate into ... and ... cells, which circulate ... in the blood and lymph and throughout the secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 32

effector; memory; | continuously

Question 33

primary lymphoid organs: ... and ... | secondary lymphoid organs: ..., ..., etc.

Answer 33

red bone marrow; thymus; | lymph nodes; spleen

Question 34

1. positive selection: recognizing self-MHC results in survival. survivors proceed to ... 2. negative selection: failure to recognize (...) self-antigen results in survival and continued maturation

Answer 34

negative selection; | bind tightly to

Question 35

(b cells) B cells mature in ... positively selected if successfully .... those that are self-reactive --> eliminated by ... (...)

Answer 35

red bone marrow; make antigen receptors; apoptosis; clonal deletion

Question 36

(seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation) immunocompetent B and T cells not yet exposed to antigen called ... exported from ... (bone marrow and thymus) to "seed" ... *lymph nodes, spleen, etc.) -- increases chances of ...

Answer 36

naive; primary lymphoid organs; secondary lymphoid organs; encounter with antigen

Question 37

(antigen encounter and activation) clonal selection: naive lymphocyte's first encounter with antigen--> selected for ... if correct signals present, lymphocyte will ....

Answer 37

further development; | complete its differentiation

Question 38

(proliferation and differentiation) activated lymphocyte proliferates --> exact ...

Answer 38

clones

Question 39

(proliferation and differentiation) most clones --> ... cells that fight infections few remain as ... cells --> able to respond to the same antigen more ... second time

Answer 39

effector; memory; quickly

Question 40

(proliferation and differentiation) B and T memory cells and effector T cells circulate ...

Answer 40

continuously

Question 41

(antigen receptor diversity) ..., not antigens, determine which foreign substances immune system will recognize immune cell receptors result of acquired knowledge of ... likely in environment

Answer 41

genes; | microbes

Question 42

(antigen receptor diversity) lymphocytes can make up to a ... different types of antibodies coded for by .... genes gene segments are shuffled by ...

Answer 42

billion; about 25,000; somatic recombination

Question 43

(antigen-presenting cells-APCs) ... antigens | present ... to T cells for recognition

Answer 43

engulf; | fragments of antigens

Question 44

(antigen-presenting cells-APCs) major types: ... cells in connective tissues and epidermis ... in connective tissues and lymphoid organs ... cells

Answer 44

dendritic; macrophages; B

Question 45

(dendritic cells and macrophages) dendritic cells ... pathogens, enter ... to present antigens to T cells in ...

Answer 45

phagocytize; lymphatics; lymph node

Question 46

(dendritic cells and macrophages) dendritic cells; most effective ... known key link between ... and ... immunity

Answer 46

antigen presenter; | innate; adaptive

Question 47

(dendritic cells and macrophages) macrophages widespread in ... and ... can activate ...

Answer 47

lymphoid organs; connective tissues; | naive T cells

Question 48

(dendritic cells and macrophages) present ... to T cells to activate themselves into ... that secrete ... chemicals

Answer 48

antigens; voracious phagocytes; bactericidal

Question 49

(B lymphocytes) do not ... | present antigens to ... to assist own activation

Answer 49

activate naive T cells; | helper T cell

Question 50

(adaptive immunity: summary) uses ..., ..., and ... to identify and destroy nonself substances

Answer 50

lymphocytes; APCs; specific molecules

Question 51

(adaptive immunity: summary) depends upon ability of its cells to: recognize ... by ... to them ... with one another so that whole system mounts specific response

Answer 51

antigens; binding; | communicate

Question 52

(activation and differentiation of B cells) B cell activated when ... to its surface receptors and ... them

Answer 52

antigens bind; | cross-link

Question 53

(activation and differentiation of B cells) ... of cross linked antigen-receptor complexes (...) --> proliferation and differentiation into effector cells

Answer 53

receptor-mediated endocytosis; | clonal selection

Question 54

(fate of the clones) most clone cells become ... cells: | secrete specific antibodies at rate of ... molecules per second for ... to ... days, then die

Answer 54

plama; 2000; four; five

Question 55

(fate of the clones) antibodies circulate in ... or ... --> bind to ... and mark for destruction by innate or adaptive mechanisms

Answer 55

blood; lymph; | free antigens

Question 56

(fate of the clones) clone cells that do not become plasma cells become ...: provide ... mount an immediate response to future exposures to same antigen

Answer 56

memory cells; | immunological memory

Question 57

(fate of the clones) B lymphocytes with ... remain inactive

Answer 57

noncomplementary receptors

Question 58

... response: initial encounter with antigen

Answer 58

primary

Question 59

(immunological memory) primary immune response: cell proliferation and differentiation upon first antigen exposure; ... period: ...-... days

Answer 59

lag; 3-6

Question 60

(immunological memory) primary immune response: peak levels of plasma antibody are reached in ... days antibody levels then ...

Answer 60

10; | decline

Question 61

(immunological memory) secondary immune response: | re-exposure to same antigen gives ..., more ..., more ... response

Answer 61

faster; prolonged; effective

Question 62

(immunological memory) secondary immune response: sensitized memory cells respond within .... antibody levels peak in ... to ... days at much higher levels antibodies bind with greater ... antibody level can remain high for ... to ...

Answer 62

hours; two; three; affinity; weeks; months

Question 63

secondary response: | clone of cells identical to ... cells

Answer 63

ancestral

Question 64

plasma cells are ... B cells

Answer 64

effector

Question 65

....: when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them

Answer 65

active humoral immunity

Question 66

(active humoral immunity) two types of active humoral immunity: ... acquired - response to ... or ... infection

Answer 66

naturally; bacteria; viral

Question 67

(active humoral immunity) | ... acquired - response to ... of ... or ... pathogens

Answer 67

artificially; | vaccine; dead; attenuated

Question 68

(active humoral immunity) vaccines: most of ... or ... pathogens spare us ... of primary response

Answer 68

dead; attenuated; | symptoms

Question 69

(active humoral immunity) vaccines: provide ... that are immunogenic and reactive can cause ...; can cause ... --> "..." and ... help prevent

Answer 69

antigenic determinants; illness trying to vaccinate against; allergic responses; naked DNA; oral vaccines

Question 70

(passive humoral immunity) ... introduced into body B cells are not ... by antigens ... does not occur protection ends when ...

Answer 70

readymade antibodies; challenged; immunological memory; antibodies degrade

Question 71

(passive humoral immunity) two types: ... acquired - antibodies delivered to ... via ... or to infant through ...

Answer 71

naturally; fetus; placenta; milk

Question 72

(passive humoral immunity) two types: | 2. ... acquired - injection of ... such as ... --> protection immediate but ends when antibodies ... in body

Answer 72

artificially; serum; gamma globulin; naturally degrade

Question 73

(antibodies) ... - ... portion of blood

Answer 73

immunoglobulins; | gamma globulin

Question 74

(antibodies) proteins secreted by ... capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by ... grouped into one of five ... classes

Answer 74

plasma cells; B cells; Ig

Question 75

(Basic antibody structure) ... or ... shaped antibody ... of four looping ... linked by .... bonds

Answer 75

T- or Y-shaped; monomer; polypeptide chains; disulfide

Question 76

(Basic antibody structure) two identical ... chains with hinge region at .... two identical ... chains

Answer 76

heavy (H); "middles" | light (L)

Question 77

(Basic antibody structure) ... regions at one end of each arm combine to form two identical ...

Answer 77

variable (V); | antigen-binding sites

Question 78

(Basic antibody structure) ... (C) regions of stem | determine antibody ... (..., ..., ..., ..., or ...)

Answer 78

``` constant; class; IgM; IgA; IgD; IgG; IgE ```

Question 79

``` (Basic antibody structure) constant regions of stem: serve common functions in all antibodies by dictating: .... and ... that antibody can bind how antibody class functions to ... ```

Answer 79

cells; chemicals; | eliminate antigens

Question 80

(classes of antibodies) IgM: ... (larger than others); ... antibody released potent ... agent readily fixes and activates ...

Answer 80

pentamer; first; agglutinating complement

Question 81

(classes of antibodies) IgA (... IgA); ... or ...; in ... and other secretion helps ... of pathogens

Answer 81

secretory; monomer; dimer; mucus prevent entry

Question 82

``` (classes of antibodies) IgM: first immunoglobulin class secreted by plasma cells during the ... response (diagnostically useful because presence of IgM in plasma usually indicates ... by the pathogen eliciting IgM's formation) ```

Answer 82

primary; | current infection

Question 83

(classes of antibodies) IgM: | exists in ... and ... forms

Answer 83

monomer; pentamer

Question 84

(classes of antibodies) IgM: the monomer serves as an ... on the B cell surface the pentamer ...

Answer 84

antigen receptor; | circulates in blood plasma

Question 85

(classes of antibodies) IgM: | numerous ... sites make it a potent ... agent

Answer 85

antigen-binding;' | agglutinating

Question 86

(classes of antibodies) IgA | found in body secretions such as ..., ..., ..., and ...

Answer 86

saliva; sweat; intestinal juice; milk

Question 87

(classes of antibodies) secretory IgA helps stop pathogens from attaching to ... (including ... membranes and the ...) the monomer exists in ... amounts in plasma

Answer 87

epithelial cell surfaces; mucous; epidermis; limited

Question 88

(classes of antibodies) IgD: monomer attached to ... of B cells functions as ...

Answer 88

surface; | B cell receptor

Question 89

(classes of antibodies) IgG: ...; ...-...% of antibodies in plasma from ... and ... responses crosses ...

Answer 89

monomer; 75-85; secondary; late primary; placental barrier

Question 90

(classes of antibodies) IgE: monomer active in some ... and ... infections causes ... cells and ... to release ...

Answer 90

allergies; parasitic; mast; basophils; histamine

Question 91

(classes of antibodies) B cells can switch antibody classes but retain ... ... at first; then ... almost all secondary responses are ...

Answer 91

antigen specificity; IgM; IgG; IgG

Question 92

(classes of antibodies) igG: protects against ..., ..., and ... circulating in blood and lymph crosses the placenta and confers ... from the mother to fetus

Answer 92

bacteria; viruses; toxins; | passive immunity

Question 93

(classes of antibodies) igE: stem end binds to ... or .... secreted by plasma cells in ..., ... of the ... and ... tracts, and ...

Answer 93

``` mast cells; basophils; skin; mucosae; gastrointestinal; respiratory; tonsils ```

Question 94

(classes of antibodies) only ... of IgE are found in plasma | levels of IgE rise during severe ... attacks or chronic ... infections of the ... tract

Answer 94

traces; allergic; parasitic; gastrointestinal