Exam 4 Lec Notes Contd

Question 1

adaptive immune system evolved to respond to .. and … pathogens

Answer 1

new; novel

Question 2

adaptive immune system doesn’t respond … There’s a …, must be …

Answer 2

right away; lag; primed

Question 3

every neutrophil is … to every other neutrophil

Answer 3

identical

Question 4

memory formed through … cells

… work through these, priming immune system if exposed to that pathogen again

Answer 4

T and B;

vaccines

Question 5

antibodies have very high

Answer 5

affinity

Question 6

antigen: something that can …

only come from … if everything is working properly

Answer 6

activate an immune response;

foreign substances

Question 7

it’s an issue when body recognizes normal body molecules as antigens- leads to …

Answer 7

autoimmune disorders

Question 8

things that repeat themselves (…) are not good antigens –> neither … nor …

Answer 8

polymers; immunogenic; reactive

Question 9

haptens: bind to molecules in the body already and that combination of these two molecules coming together now becomes …

Answer 9

immunogen

Question 10

e.g. of hapten is poison ivy - an .. that does nothing on its own, only when it binds to things on … of skin that it mounts an immune response

Answer 10

oil;

extracellular matrix

Question 11

antigenic determinants - …

only certain … recognized on an antigen

Answer 11

epitopes;

epitopes;

Question 12

antibodies mirror … almost exactly, which is why they’re so effective at recognizing them

Answer 12

antigenic determinant binding sites

Question 13

must be able to instruct immune system not to … for properly functioning immune system

Answer 13

kill body cells

Question 14

self-antigens: takes …, chops them up, and displays them through …

Answer 14

body proteins;

self-MHCs

Question 15

B cells form

Answer 15

antibodies

Question 16

T cells mediate a … response. physically kill …, …, …, etc.

Answer 16

cellular;
pathogens;
cancerous cells;
virally infected cells

Question 17

T and B cells need to be told that there's a problem. not good at recognizing problems on their own. 
class of cells from... immune system called ... (e.g. macrophages)

Answer 17

innate;

antigen-presenting cells

Question 18

antigen-presenting cells: will display the pathogenic material on a … to tell T and B cells to kill those pathogens when they recognize those materials

Answer 18

non-self MHC

Question 19

each T/B cell only recognizes a …

Answer 19

single antigen

Question 20

If T and B cells pass their tests they leave thymus/bone marrow, travel to things like lymph node
takes … for these cells to proliferate
good to recognize … but not …

Answer 20

days;
self-MHC;
self-antigen

Question 21

…-…% of T and B cells that body makes on daily basis fails either positive/negative selection
T and B cells that positive and negative selection are …

Answer 21

96; 99;

naive

Question 22

naive T and B cells go to lymph nodes or spleen because … passes through these

Answer 22

a lot of fluid

Question 23

…: random gene shuffling to make receptors

Answer 23

gene recombination

Question 24

… are major antigen presenting cells. … come in second

Answer 24

dendritic cells;

macrophages

Question 25

dendritic cells go to lymph nodes to ... B and T cells to present the pathogens to them macrophages, though, destroy things and then ...

Answer 25

actively seek out; | stay put

Question 26

bc dendritic cells actively seek out naive cells, and macrophages don't, dendritic cells are more effective. dendritic cells also have a lot of ... that increase its ...

Answer 26

branches; surface area

Question 27

all of the branches on the dendritic cells are filled with hundreds of thousands of ... being presented

Answer 27

antigens

Question 28

live attenuated vaccines robust immune responses that last ... dead vaccines require ...

Answer 28

an entire life; | boosters

Question 29

with passive immunity you don't develop

Answer 29

memory

Question 30

... are artificially acquired immunity --> these are antibodies that fight against these toxins

Answer 30

antivenoms

Question 31

... regions are the regions that actually come into contact with antigen

Answer 31

variable

Question 32

... regions determine the class of the antibody, which influences its function

Answer 32

constant

Question 33

IgM manufactured first when body encounters pathogens, because IgM is very effective at ... ... antigen binding sockets, and ... constant regions

Answer 33

activating complement; | 10; 5

Question 34

mothers provide passive immunity to children when breastfeeding through ...

Answer 34

IgA

Question 35

don't actually know what ... does

Answer 35

IgD

Question 36

....: body stops manufacturing IgM and switches to IgG which can pass placenta (... for fetus) marker of infection ...

Answer 36

``` class switching; passive immunity; coming to an end. ```