Chapter 35 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
plant anatomy is organized into a __________________
A
structural hierarchy
2
Q
structural hierarchy of a plants:
A
- organism
- organ system
- tissue systems
- tissues
- cells
3
Q
a plant consists of _____ organ systems
A
2
- shoot system
- root system
4
Q
the above ground portion of the plant is the ____________ system
A
shoot
5
Q
the below ground portion of the plant is the _________ system
A
root
6
Q
a plant consists of ______ organs
A
3
- stems
- leaves
- roots
7
Q
the shoots system contains what 2 organs
A
- stems
- leaves
8
Q
the roots system contains what 1 organ
A
-roots
9
Q
stems serve _______ main functions
A
3
- support
- transportation of water and photosynthates
- storage
10
Q
_______ locations on a stem where leaves 0r laterals shoots
A
nodes
11
Q
_________ regions between nodes
A
internodes
12
Q
______________:
- found at the base of the leaves (at the nodes)
- gives rise to lateral shoots
A
axillary buds
13
Q
______________:
- found at the shoot tip
- the location of the apical meristem
A
apical (terminal) bud
14
Q
leaves serve __________ major function(s) for a plant
A
1
-photosynthesis
15
Q
leave structures are what two parts
A
- blade
- petiole
16
Q
_________ the photosynthetic component of the leaf
A
blade
17
Q
________________ the stalk that attaches the blade to the stem
A
petiole
18
Q
leaves are either _____________________ or _____________________
A
simple or compound
19
Q
_________ leaves consist of one large blade attached to the petiole
A
simple
20
Q
_____________ leaves consist of multiple smaller leaflets rather than a single blade
A
compounds
21
Q
compound leaves are either __________________ compound or _________ compound
A
pinnately
palmately
22
Q
roots serve ______ main functions for a plant
A
- absorbtion of water
- anchorage
- transport
- storage
23
Q
___________ possess a taproot system
A
eudicots
24
Q
____________ is a single main root that extends downward. Lateral roots branch off of the taproot
A
taproot system
25
_____________ possess fibrous root system
monocots
26
_______________________________:
-a tangled network of roots. no differentiation of taproots or lateral roots. Fibrous roots tend to be shallower but more spread than
a fibrous root system
27
each root has thousands to millions of tiny _____________ that increase its surface area for absorption
root hairs
28
a plant consists of ____________ tissue systems
3
- dermal tissue systems
- ground tissue systems
- vascular tissue systems
29
all 3 tissue systems are present in _________ plant organs
all 3
30
______________ consists of just one type of tissue
dermal tissue system
31
type of tissue in dermal tissue system __________________
epidermis
32
the __________ is the outer tissue layer of plant body
epidermis
33
the epidermis consists of 3 kinds of cell types
- epidermal cells
- guard cells
- trichomes and root hairs
34
___________ secrete cuticle
epidermal cells
35
__________ surround stomata
guard cells
36
_____________________ defense/ absorption
trichomes and root hairs
37
the ground tissue system consists of ___________ tissue types
3
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma
38
________________: is the most abundant tissue in any plant. Consists entirely of parenchyma cells. Functions in storage and photosynthesis. Only has a primary cell wall
parenchyma
39
parenchyma tissue consists of __________ cells
parenchyma
40
_____________ functions in support for plant organs. Thick primary cells walls
collenchyma
41
collenchyma tissue consist of _________ cells
collenchyma
42
_______________ tissue functions for mature plant organs. Thick secondary cell walls in addition to primary cell walls
sclerenchyma
43
sclerenchyma tissue consists entirely of _______________________ cells
sclerenchyma
44
__________________________ cellulose innermost
primary cell wall
45
________________________ lignin outermost
secondary cell wall
46
the vascular tissue system consist of two tissue types
- xylem
| - phloem
47
________________ is the water-conducting tissue within plants. Consists of two cell types.
xylem
48
xylem consist of ________ cell types
2
- tracheids
- vessel elements
49
tracked and vessel elements are ____________ that form long continuous tubes through a plant
dead cells
50
__________________ is the photosynthate-conducting tissue within plants
phloem
51
phloem consists of ________________ cell types
2
- sieve tube members
- companion cells
52
sieve tube members and companion cells are ___________
living cells
53
____________ form a long continuous tubes throughout the plant
sieve tube members
54
________________ surround and support sieve tubes members
companion cells
55
plants grow in ________ directions
2
- primary/ vertical growth
- secondary/ horizontal growth
56
____________ is vertical growth/ Lengthening and elongating a plant
primary growth
57
__________________ is horizontal growth widening the plant, increasing the plant's diameter
secondary growth
58
primary growth is accomplished by _________
apicalmeristems
59
____________ are located at regions of active cell division. Shoot tip, axillary buds, root tip.
apicalmeristems
60
apicalmeristems consist of ________________________________________________
_____________
consist of undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into any type of plant cell or tissue
61
secondary growth is accomplished by way of ___________________
lateral meristems
62
lateral meristems are located _______________________________
in stems and roots of eudicots
63
two types of lateral meristems
- vascular cambium
| - cork cambium
64
_______________________ gives rise to secondary xylem wood and secondary phloem
vascular cambium
65
_____________________ replaces the outer epidermis with a tougher periderm
vascular cambium
66
vascular cambium replaces the outer epidermis with a tougher ___________________________
periderm
67
leaves develop from the _________________ located addict to the apical meristem
leaf promordia
68
lateral shoots develop from ______________ axillary buds located at the base of the leaves
axillary buds
69
the ____________ is a dome shaped region at the stem tips
apical meristem
70
the dermal tissue system forms the __________ surface of stem
outer
71
______________________ of the vascular tissue called vascular bundles run through the interior of the stem
veins
72
in eudicots vascular bundles are arranged in a __________
ring
73
in monocots vascular bundles are _________________
scattered
74
What is the location of xylem and phloem in the vascular bundles?
xylem is located toward the inside of the bundles
| phloem is located toward the outside of bundle
75
in edicts the stems ground tissue system consists of ________ and __________
pith and cortex
76
_________________ is located in the center of the stem. made of
pith
| parenchyma
77
____________ is located between the vascular bundles and epidermis. Made of
cortex
| collenchyma or scleranchima
78
in monocots the ground tissue is not differentiated into piths and cortex because of ______________________
scattered vascular bundles
79
the epidermis contains __________ fore gas exchange with air
stomata
80
more stomata are located on ______________________________
the lower epidermis (under leaf) than on the upper epidermis
81
two _____________ border each stomata to regulate its opening and closing
two guard cells
82
the ground tissue of a lead is called _________________
mesophyll
83
the upper half of mesophyll is called
| is used for ______________
palisade mesophyll
| photosynthesis
84
the lower half of mesophyll is called
| is used for ________________
spongy mesophyll
| gas exchange
85
vascular bundles run through the _________________
lead interior
86
____________________ is located on the top half
| ____________________ is located on the buttum
xylem
| phloem
87
the entire vascular bundle is surrounded by a layer of ___________________
parenchyma, bundle sheath
88
bundle sheath cells protect the vascular tissue against __________________
air exposure
89
bundle sheath cells are location of the calvin cycle in______________
C4 plants
90
the root tip consist of _______ regions
4
- root cap
- zone of cell division
- zone of elongation
- zone of differentiation
91
___________ covers and protects the apical meristem
root cap
92
______________ location of apical meristem
zone of cel division
93
________________ location of growth
zone of elongation
94
___________________ root hairs first appear in this zone. Location of cell differentiation
zone of differentiation (maturation )
95
___________________ forms the outer surface of root.
the dermal tissue system
96
root hairs increase area for ____________________
absorption
97
In a edict a _________________ is located in the center of the root.
- Xlyelm forms a ________ in the middle of the _______________
- Phloem fills remaining space
- pericycle surrounds cylinder
vascular cylinder
X
Cylinder
98
a layer of cells called ____________ surrounds the vascular cylinder in edicts
pericycle
| -gave rise to lateral roots
99
monocots posses ____________ rather than vascular cylinder
vascular rings
100
a ______________ of storage parenchyma forms the ground tissue system of roots. Between epidermis and vascular tissue
cortex
101
the innermost layer of the cortex is the ______________
endodermis
102
endodermal cells contain ___________ a waxy waterproofing lipid
suberin
| this regulates entry of water and nutrients
103
___________________ occurs ion stems and roots but not leaves and only occurs in _________________
secondary growth
| monocots
104
In stems, ___________________________ forms a ring between the primary xylem and primary phloem of he vascular bundles
the vascular cambium
105
secondary xylem is _____________
wood
- early wood formed in the spring has larger cell with thinner walls to maxima water transport
- late wood formed in late summer has smaller thicker walls and contributes more to stem support
106
______________ are disable where late and early wood meet and can be used to determine a plants age
growth rings
107
the older inner layers of wood no longer transporting water
heartwood
108
the outer wood layers continue to function in transport
sapwood
109
___________________ gives rise to periderm which replaced the epidermis in plants undergoing secondary growth
cork cambium
110
_____________ is the collective name given to all of tissues outside of the vascular cambium
bark
- secondary phloem
- cork cambium
- cork
