Chapter 29-30 Flashcards
1
Q
________________ multicellular autotrophic terrestrial eukaryotes
A
plants
2
Q
plants move to land occurred
A
488 mya years ago
3
Q
benefits of plant movement to terrestrials
A
- unfiltered sunlight
- more CO2
- lack of support
4
Q
challenges of plant movement to land
A
- scarcity of water
- lack of support
5
Q
______________ are above ground structures that obtain light and CO2 from atmosphere
A
shoots
6
Q
shoots consist of ______________
A
leaves and stems
7
Q
leaves contain lignin and cell walls to keep shoot supported
A
leaves are photosynthetic organs elevated by stems
8
Q
leaves possess ___________ to take in CO2
A
stomata
9
Q
leaves are cover by a _________________ to prevent dehydration
A
waxy cuticle
10
Q
_____________ below ground structures obtain water and inorganic nutrients from soil
A
roots
11
Q
roots are symbiotically associated with _______________________________
A
fungi, mycorrhizae
12
Q
roots anchor plants to their
A
substrate
13
Q
_____________ located at the tips of shoots and roots
-regions of cell division that enables the plant to continually grow upward into the air or downward into the soil
A
apical meristems
14
Q
___________ conducting tubes that run throughout the shoots and roots connecting them internally
A
vascular tissue
15
Q
__________ transports water and minerals up from roots
A
Xylem
16
Q
___________ transports photosynthates or sugars from the leaves to the rest of plant
A
phloem
17
Q
all plants possess ____________________ sexual life cycle
A
alternations of generations
18
Q
plants alternated between two multicellular generations
A
sporophyte and gametophyte
19
Q
________________ diploid generations
A
sporophytes
20
Q
____________________ haploid generations
A
gametophyte
21
Q
sporocytes and spores are produced and protected with the ______________
A
sporangia
22
Q
spore cells are surrounded by a wall of _________________ to prevent desiccation
A
sporopollenin
23
Q
there are separate _____________________
A
male and female gametangia and gametes
24
Q
female gametangia are called ____________ they produce female gametes, _____________
A
archegonia
egg
25
male gametangia are called _________________ they produce male gametes _______
antheridia
| sperm
26
gametes are produce within _________
gamatangia
27
sperm are released from the antheridia and dispersed by ___________
water. Sperm swims to egg which never leaves the archegonia
28
__________ occurs in the archegonia. The zygote and embryonic sporophyte develope in the archegonia also.
fertilization
29
later plant group evolved additional reproductive striations like:
- flowers
- seeds
- pollen
- fruits
30
the gametophyte generation is _______________
- dominant
- photosynthetic
- larger
31
the sporophyte generation is _________________
- less prominent
- smaller
- not photosynthetic and therefore dependent on gametophyte
32
all nonvascular plants possess a _______________________ however none posses vascular tissue, shots, roots, login, seeds, roots, or flowers
cuticle
33
nonvascular plants are found in ___________________
moist habitats because male gametes travel through water, and growth is near ground
34
- liverworts
| - no stomata instead pores
hepaticophyta
35
- hornwarts
| - first plants to possess stomata
anthocerophyta
36
- mossess
| - the largest group of non vascular plants
bryophyta
37
in seedless vascular plants
the sporophyte generation is now dominant
| -larger and photosynthetic
38
in seedless vascular plants
the gametophyte generation is less prominent
| -smaller and photosynthetic free living
39
_________________ all possess vascular tissue shoots roots, apical meristems and lignin they grow larger than nonvascular plants
seedless vascular plants
40
seedless vascular plants still lack _____________________ constrained to water for reproduction
seeds pollen and flowers
41
during the _________ seedless vascular plants formed first forests
carboniferous period
42
fossil fuels ____________ are all fossilized remains of these ancient plants
coil oil and gas
43
- club moss
| - located in stroboli
lycophyta
44
- wisk ferns
| - sporangia are located within synagia
psiltophyta
45
- horsetails
| - sporangia are located within stroboli
sphenophyta
46
- ferns
| - sporangia are located in sori
pteridophyte
47
collections of sporangia on the underside of fern leaves
sori
48
sporefyte generation is _____________ in vascular plants
dominant
49
sporophytes contain sporangia within _____________
strobili
50
there are separate male and female __________________ therefore separate male and female sporangia
strobilli
51
the female sporangium produces a single sporocyte by mitosis. The sprocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four spore
ovules
52
the spore is not released
it remains in the sporangium
53
the spore grows by _______________into female gametophyte
mitosis
54
the female gametophyte contains an ________________ which produces an egg by mitosis
archegonium
55
an integument forms around the outside of the entire of sporangium
this integument is a protective structure
56
the ovules consists of
```
integument
sporangium
female gametophyte
archegonium
egg
```
57
the male sporangium produces many sporocytes by mitosis
each sporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four functional spores
58
within the sporangium, spores undergo mitosis twice to produce male gametophytes
the male gametophyte consists of just 4 cells
59
male gametophytes do not contain __________________
antheridia
60
the 4 celled male gametophytes is a _____________
pollen grain
| 3 cells 1 reproductive cell sperm cell
61
pollen grains are released from sporangium and dispersed by _______________
wind
62
pollen grain cells are surrounded by a wall of __________________ to resist desiccation
sporopellenin
63
________ carries pollen to ovule
wind
64
a tiny opening in the ovule integument allowed for ______________
passage of a pollen grain
65
once the pollen grain contacts the sporangium within one of the three nonproductive pollen cells elongates to form a pollen tube
a tiny opening in the ovule integument allows for passage of a pollen grain
66
______________ occurs and the zygote forms within the female gametophyte's archegonium
fertilization
67
the embryonic sporophyte then grows by _________ within the female gametophyte archegonium
mitosis
68
__________ is therefore a fertilized ovule and consists of seed coat, sporangium, female gametophyte, developing embryonic sporophyte
seed
| three generations under one roof
69
____________ as the embryonic sporophyte grows it will ultimately break out of the seed the sporophyte continues to grow into an adult and the life cycle starts again
germination
70
embryonic sporophytes are __________ within seed by a seed coat
protected
71
embryos may remain _____________ within seeds until environments conditions are favorable
dormant
72
the female gametophyte seven as a source of _______ for the embryo to consume as it grows within a seed
nutrients
73
seed plants are no longer constrained by ____________________ for _________________
water for reproduction
| -sperm polen in carried by wind
74
gymnosperms means ___________________
- naked seed
| - ovules with strobili are not enclosed
75
the largest gymnosperm group, conifers include pines, firs, cypresses, junipers, and redwoods
coniferophyta
76
_______________ were incredibly abundant during the mesozoic era
cycadophyta or cycads
77
only one extant species of_________________ exists to
ginkgophyta ( ginkgo biloba)
78
the only disciduous gymnosperm
ginkgo
79
_______________ can be found in deserts , scrublands, and rainforests
gnetophyta
80
angio sperm means
clothed seed
| -ovules are enclosed within ovaries of flowers
81
_______________ is the largest plant group flowering plants outnumber all other plants combined
anthophyta
82
angiosperms posses flowers in place of ______________
strobili
83
the female reproductive flower is the ____________ which consists of ovary stigma and style
carpel
84
_________ receives pollen
stigma
85
the ________ allows passage of pollen grains to the _______________
ovary
86
the ovary contains the _____________
ovule
87
the male reproductive flower structure is the __________ which consists of anther and filament
stamin
88
the anther produces ___________
pollen grains
89
the filaments holds the ___________
anther upright
90
the non reproductive flower structure is the ____________ which consist of corolla and calyx
perianth
91
the corolla is the collection of a ________________
flowers petals
92
the ______________ is the collection of the flowers sepals
calyx
93
flowers enable ___________ pollination rather than relying chance of wind it relays on insects
directed
94
once fertilization has occurred, the ovule developed into a seeds, the surrounding ovary developed into a fruit. The function of fruit is _________________________
seed dispersal
95
there are ____________ major groups within anthophyta
two, monocots and eudicots
96
-1/3 angiosperms are ______________
monocots
97
-2/3 angiosperms are ______________
eudicots
98
monocots and edicts are named for __________________________________
he number of cotyledons (embryonic see leaves) they posses
99
monocots posses _____________________
| eudicots posees _______________
one cotyledon
| two cotyledons
100
other characteristics that distinguish monocots from edicts
- number of flower structures
- root system
- secondary growth
- arrangement of vascular tissue in the roots
- arrangement of vascular tissue in the stems
- arrangement of vascular tissue in the leaves
101
number of flower structures
monocots-
eudicots-
multiples of 3
| multiples of 4/5
102
roots systems
monocots-
eudicots-
fibrous root system
| taproot system
103
secondary growth
monocots-
eudicots-
absent
| present
104
arrangement of vascular tissue in the roots
monocots-
eudicots-
vascular ring
| vascular cylinder
105
arrangement of vascular tissue in the stems
monocots-
eudicots-
vascular bundles scattered
| vascular bundles in a ring
106
arrangement of vascular tissue in the leaves
monocots-
eudicots-
parallel venation
| -reticular branching
107
orchid anf grasses are examples of
monocots
108
sunflowers, legumes, roses, cacti are examples of
eudicots
109
humans use seed plants for: (4 things)
- food
- building
- clothing
- medicine
