CHapter 42- Circulation Flashcards
1
Q
the ________________ delivers nutrients to and removes wastes from all cells, tissues, and organs or the body
A
circulatory system
2
Q
____________ transport fluid in which nutrients and wastes are dissolved
A
blood
3
Q
________________ the network or tubes that transports blood throughout the body
A
blood vessels
4
Q
___________________________ the muscular pump that propels blood through blood vessels
A
heart
5
Q
in an __________________ blood directly baths the cells, tissues, and organs of the body.
A
open circulatory system
their is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
6
Q
the inditinguished blood and interstitial fluid is called
A
hemolymoh
7
Q
contraction of heart _________________________
A
pumps hemolymph out of vessels
8
Q
relaxation of the heart ________________________________
A
draws hemolymoh into heart through pores
9
Q
who possess an open circulatory system?
A
-mollusca (except cephlapods) and arthropods
10
Q
open circulatory systems are advantageous because they _______________________________
A
require a lower expenditure of energy
11
Q
in a ____________________________, blood is confined to blood vessels and remains distinct from the interstitial fluid
A
closed circulatory system
12
Q
in closed circulatory system exchange of nutrients and wastes occurs between ________________
A
blood and interstitial fluid
13
Q
in closed circulatory system exchange also occurs between the ___________________
A
interstitial fluid and cells of body
14
Q
who posses a closed circulatory system
A
annelids, cephlapods, and vertebrates
15
Q
closed circulatory system are more advantageous because ________________________
A
they more effectively deliver blood directly to specific body cells and tissues
16
Q
______________ closed circulatory system in mammals
A
cardiovascular system
17
Q
__________________ open circulatory system and other systems not in mammals
A
circulatory system
18
Q
the hearts two chambers
A
- ventricles
- atria
19
Q
_________________ discharging chambers for blood
A
ventricles
20
Q
_______________ are receiving chambers for blood
A
atria
21
Q
the three types of blood vessels
A
- arteries
- capillaries
- veins
22
Q
_______________ carry blood away from heart
A
arteries
23
Q
__________________ are the sites of nutrient waste exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid
A
capillaries
24
Q
______________ carry blood back to heart
A
veins
25
fishes possess a ______________ heart
two chambered heart
| -one ventrical and one atrium
26
blood passess through the heart ____________________________ in fish
only once during each complete circuit
27
_________________: only once during each complete circuit
single circulation
28
in fish blood passess through _________________ leaving and returning to heat
two capillary beds
| -gill capillaries and body capilaries
29
amphibians, reptiles, and mammals exhibit ______________________
double circulation
30
in _________________ blood passess through the heart twice during its complete circuit around the body
double circulation
31
____________ carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to heart.
pulminary circuit
| blood passes through just the lung capillaries during the pulmonary circuit
32
________________ carries blood from the heart to the body cells and back to heart
system circuit
| blood pass through just the systemic body circuit capillaries during the systemic circuit
33
amphibians possess a _______________
the chambered heart
| -two atria and one ventricle
34
in amphibians __________ recieves blood from systemic circuit
right atrium
35
in amphibians _____________ recieves blood from the pulmonary circuit
left atrium
36
_______________ in amphibians as the skin is involved in gas exchange in addition to lungs
pulmocutaneous
37
in amphibians the __________ pumps blood to both circuits in
ventricle
38
in amphibians a _______________ within the ventricle diverts blood into each circuit
ridge
39
mammals possess a _____________ heart
four chambered
| -two atria and two ventricles
40
in mammals __________ recieves blood from systemic circuit
right atrium
41
in mammals ______________ receives blood from the pulmonary circuit
left atrium
42
in mammals __________________ pumps blood to pulmonary circuit
right ventricle
43
in mammals ____________________ pumps blood to the systemic circuit
left ventricle
44
______________ exhibit a similar circulation to mammals
birds
45
two major veins enter the right atrium
- superior vena cava
| - inferior vena cava
46
______________________ returns blood from all of the body superior to diaphragm
superior vena cava
47
________________________ returns blood from all the body inferior to the diaphragm
inferior vena cava
48
the major artery that exits the right ventricle is the ________________
pulmonary trunk
49
_____________ enter the left atrium
four pulmonary veins
| each returns blood to lungs
50
the pulmonary trunk diverges into right and left _________________
pulminary arteries
51
the major artery that exits the left ventricle is the _________________________
aorta
52
the four chambered walls are made of ___________________
cardia muscle tissue
53
________________ have more cardia muslce them atria because
ventricles
| ventricles must pump blood farther than atria
54
what is the pulmonary circuit
right ventricle---> pulmonary trunk -------> pulmonary arteries ------------> lungs ---------> pulmonary veins ---------> left atrium
55
in the pulmonary circuit ___________ blood is pumped out of right ventricle though the pulmonary trunk.
oxygen poor
56
pulmonary trunck diverges to form the ________________ that carry this _________________ blood to the capillaries of the lung
pulmonary arteries
| oxygen poor
57
CO2 is removed from the blood and oxygen is added to the blood at the ________________
lung capillaries
58
______________ carry __________ from lunch back to heart
pulmonary veins, oxygen rich
59
the ______ deliver this __________ to the left atrium
pulmonary veins, oxygen rich,
60
the ____________________ then sends the blood to the left ventricle which begins the ______________
left atrium, systemic circuit
61
what is the systemic circuit
left ventricle --> aorta ---> body ----> superior vena cava -and inferior vena cava --------> right atrium
62
________________ blood is pumped out of he left ventricle though the aorta
oxygen rich
63
_____ carries this oxygen rich blood to all of the capillaries of the body
oxygen rich
64
___________ is delivered to the body cells and carbon dioxide is removed from the body cells at the capillaries
oxygen
65
the superior vana cava carries ____________________ blood from the superior body back to heart
oxygen poor
66
the inferior vena cava carries _____________ blood from the inferior body back to the heart
oxygen poor
67
the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava delivers this oxygen poor blood to the ____________________
right atrium
68
the right atrium sends blood back to the ___________________
right ventricle which begins the pulmonary circuit
69
a generalization true for systematic circuit
arteries: oxygen rich
veins: oxygen poor
70
a generalization true for pulmonary circuit
arteries: oxygen poor
veins: oxygen rich
71
no generalization applies to ______________
single circulation in fish
72
___________ maintains higher blood pressure than does a single circulation
double circuation
73
blood pressure ____________ each time blood flows through capillary beds
drops
74
pumping the blood out of the heart twice maintains ___________________________
sufficient blood pressure for terrestrial vertebrates
75
____________________________ is sufficient to maintain blood pressure in a single circulation of a fish
contraction of a fished swimming muscles
76
a _________________ is more efficient at delivering oxygen than the three chambered heart
four chambered heart
77
_________ require more oxygen than _____________ hense they have four chambered hearts
endotherms
| exotherms
78
the heartbeat is accomplished by way of the ___________
cardia cycle
79
____________ the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the hearts wall cardia muslc etissue
heartbeat
80
_________ heart contracts
systole
| -blood is pumped out of the hearts chambers
81
____________ heart relaxes
diastole
| -blood fills the hearts chambers
82
_____________ is regulated by the specific autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells
cardiac cycle
83
autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells ______________________ wthout signaling from the nervous system
contract and relax
84
the cluster of autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells is refferred to as the __________________
sinoatrial node (SA node pacemaker)
85
the SA node or pacemaker is located in the _________________
right atrium
86
the sa node generates _______________________
electrical impulses that travel rapidly between neighboring cells.
87
rapid electrical impluses is accomplished by the ___________________
intercolated discs
88
impulses from the SA node spread through ______________________
both atria
89
the atria contracts in ______________________ called the _____________
atria, atriol systole
90
______________ carry the impulse down the heart apex and up through the ventrical walls
cardiac muscle cells
91
___________ is the ventracal contraction in unison
ventricular systole
92
_____________________ are hollow organs with walls containing _____________ layers
arteries and viens
| three
93
three layers of veins and arteries
- endothelium
- smooth muscle
- connective tissue
94
_______________ inner layer, surrounds the lumen, simple squamos epithelium
endothelium
95
_______________ middle layer, propels blood through blood vessels
smooth muscle
96
____________________ outer layer, a large amount of elastic fibers, allows the vessels to expaand as blood passess through the _____________________
elastic fibers
| connective tissue
97
as arteries move away from the heart they branch into smaller vessels called _______________
arterioles
98
____________ branch further to form capillaries
arterioles
99
_________________ are the smallest blood vessels
capillaries
100
the sight of nutrient and waste exchange
capillaries
101
a single layer of __________________ comprises the capillary walls
endothelium
102
capilaries converge to form ______________________
venules
103
venules converge with other _______________ as they return toward the heart forming __________
venules
| veins
104
capillaries form a network called a ____________________
capilary bed
105
the true capillaries supply the tissue served by ______________
capillary bed
106
_______________ runs through the center of the capillary bed
throughfare channel
107
_____________ dictate whether blood will flow into true capillaries or blood will be shunted through the thoroughfare channel
precapillary sphincter
108
_____________ regulates passage of materials by smooth muscle
relaxed: passage
contracted: no passage
spincter
109
blood is the only fluid in the body _____________________
a fluid connective tissue
110
cells of blood are called ______________
formed elements
111
3 formed elements of blood
- erthythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
112
___________ are platelets
thrombocytes
113
plasma is the _________________
extracellular matrix
| -a fluid ground substance with no fibers
114
plasma is the fluid portion of blood, so it consists mainly of_____________
water
115
_________ are dissolved in the water to make plasma
solutes: organic and inorganic ions
116
formed elements are not called cells because only ______________ are true cells
leukocytes
117
_________________ lack nuclei and all other organelles
erthythrocytes
118
______________ are just cell fragments
platelets
119
______________ are smaller then leukocytes. they do not contain a necleus or other organelles
erythrocytes
120
an erythrocytes is essentially a _______________________
a bag of hemoglobin surrounded by a plasma membrane
121
_______________ is the transport protein within erythrocytes
hemoglobin
122
hemoglobin makes up ____________ of an erythrocytes volume
95%
123
hemoglobin transports ________ from the lungs to the cells of the body to the lungs and _________ from the cells of the body to lungs
02
| C02
124
______________ erythrocytes have no nucleus or other organelles
anucleate
125
hemoglobin consists of ___________________________
globins, four polypeptide chain
126
globins are ___________________
four polypeptide chain
127
the globins bind to and transport ___________________
Co2
128
each globin has an __________________ in its center
iron containg heme group
129
heme iton binds to and transports ___________ 02 molecules
one
130
a single hemoglobin molecule carries ____________ molecule
4 O2
131
an erythrocyte has ____________ hemoglobins
250 millon
132
______________ are much larger yet less numerous than erythrocytes, are true cells . they possess a nucleus
leukocytes
133
________________ function in immunity and defense
leukocytes
134
5 types of leukocytes
- neutrophiles
- ecosinophils
- basophilis
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
135
______________ a leukocytes that is a multibed nucleus, defense against bacteria and fungi.
neutrophiles
136
________________ a leukocytes that is a bilobed nucleus cells that defenses against parasites and cehmical toxins
ecosinophils
137
_____________ a leukocytes that has a a bilobed nucleus, defense against alergins
basophils
138
__________________ a leukocytes that is a large round nucleus. defense against virus and tumor cells
lymphocytes
139
____________ are the largest of all leukocytes a large kidney shaped nucleus. defense against bacteria viruses
monocytes
140
________________ are small cell fragments. platelets function in ______________
platelets
| clotting
