Chapter 24

Question 1

_______________ is evolution on a larger scale than microevolution

Answer 1

macroevolution

Question 2

the origin of new species rather than changes within species

Answer 2

macroevolution

Question 3

is the process by which an ancestral species gives rise to two or more descendant species

Answer 3

speciation

Question 4

a group of organisms with the potential to breed in nature and produce viable fertile offspring

Answer 4

biological species concept

species

Question 5

advantage of biological species concept

Answer 5

the biological species concept can not be applies to fossil organisms or to organisms that reproduce asexually

Question 6

disadvantage to the biology species concept

Answer 6

the biological species concept cannot be applied to fossil organisms or to organisms that reproduce asexually

Question 7

species are defined as distinct based on differences in shape, size, or other features of their appearance

Answer 7

morphology species concept

Question 8

advantage of morphological species concept

Answer 8

the morphological species concept can be applied to all organisms

Question 9

disadvantage of morphological species concept

Answer 9

distinguishing features tend to be subjective

Question 10

under the biological species concept _______________________ keeps species separate

Answer 10

reproductive isolation

Question 11

two categories of reproductive berries

Answer 11

• prezygotic barriers

- postzygotic barriers

Question 12

barriers preventing reproduction promoting reproductive isolation will lead to

Answer 12

speciation

Question 13

3 prezygotic barriers prevent individuals of different species from mating

Answer 13

• habitat isolation
• temporal isolation
• behavioral isolation

Question 14

2 pre zygotic barriers prevent fertilization of gametes from individual of different species

Answer 14

• mechanical isolation

- gametic isolation

Question 15

post zygotic barriers operate after hybrid offspring of individuals of different species have been produced

Answer 15

• reduced hybrid viability
• reduced hybrid fertility
• hybrid break down

Question 16

isolated by geography

Answer 16

habitat isolation

Question 17

reproduce at a different time

Answer 17

temporal isolation

Question 18

courtship rituals prevent attraction

Answer 18

behavior isolation

Question 19

reproductive genitals do not mechanically connect

Answer 19

mechanical isolation

Question 20

sperm die before reaching egg

Answer 20

gametic isolation

Question 21

dies before reaching sexual maturity

Answer 21

reduced hybrid viability

Question 22

hybrid can’t reproduce

Answer 22

reduced hybrid fertility

Question 23

2nd generation offspring are not viable or fertile

Answer 23

hybrid breakdown

Question 24

reproductive barriers form when a population is split into

Answer 24

two or more separate populations

each new population follows its own evolutionary course

Question 25

there are two mechanisms by which a population can be split and speciation can occur

Answer 25

- allopatric speciation | - sympatric speciation

Question 26

during allopatric speciation a ______________________ physically splits a population

Answer 26

geographic barrier

Question 27

each new population is subjective to ______________________ independent of other populations -no flow between them

Answer 27

natural selection and genetic drift

Question 28

speciation occurs if reproductive barriers form between the isolated populations and

Answer 28

they can no longer form viable fertile offspring if brought back together

Question 29

during _____________ reproductive isolation occurs without geographic isolation

Answer 29

sympatric speciation

Question 30

sympatric speciation:

Answer 30

normally occurs in plants | but can occur in animals due to sexual selection

Question 31

is a region where individuals of closely related species meet mate and produce hybrid offspring

Answer 31

hybrid zone

Question 32

the three possible outcomes when closely related species mate in a hybrid zone

Answer 32

- reinforcement - fusion - stability

Question 33

____________ involves the strengthening of reproductive barriers

Answer 33

reinforcement

Question 34

reinforcement barriers of reproductive barriers occurs when hybrids are

Answer 34

less than either parent species

Question 35

the most common outcome of reinforcement

Answer 35

over time, the rate hybridization decreases the hybrid zone disappears and the parent species remain separate

Question 36

involved the weakening of reproductive barriers

Answer 36

fusion

Question 37

reproductive barriers are weakened when hybrids are as fit as both parent species, parent species become reproductively capable as substantial gene flow occurs between then fusing the two species into a single species

Answer 37

fusion

Question 38

involves the continued formation of hybrid offspring

Answer 38

stability

Question 39

results when hybrids are less fit than either parent species but gene flow between parent species continues to occur

Answer 39

stability

Question 40

stability _____________________________________

Answer 40

species remain separate but the hybrid zone persists

Question 41

beyond speciation, macroevolution encompasses the evolution of larger groups of organisms

Answer 41

new families classes kingdoms

Question 42

macroevolution included the origin of these unique new structures

Answer 42

major groups of organisms are defined by their characteristics

Question 43

new structures may arise by way of

Answer 43

refinement or exaptation

Question 44

during ___________ complex structures evolve from simpler structures but have the same general function

Answer 44

refinement

Question 45

during ____________________ an existing structures modified for a new function

Answer 45

exaptation

Question 46

changes in genes that program the rate or spatial pattern of a species development can lead to the evolution of new structures

Answer 46

evo-devo: a field that links evolution to development

Question 47

a field that links evolution to development

Answer 47

evo-devo

Question 48

an evolutionary change in the rate of developmental events

Answer 48

heterochrony

Question 49

refers to the retention into adulthood of features that were strictly juvenile in a species ancestors

Answer 49

paedormorphosis

Question 50

during ______ the rate of reproductive development accelerates relative to the rate of no reproductive development

Answer 50

paedormorphosis

Question 51

regulate the expression of many other genes

Answer 51

master genes

Question 52

____________________ are master genes that control the formation of body parts during development

Answer 52

homeotic genes

Question 53

changes in ____________ called hox genes have led to

Answer 53

homeotic genes - the evolution of vertebrates from invertebrates - the evolution of jaws and limbs