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Biology 202- Organism Biology > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

__________________ were the original eukaryotes and include all current eukaryotes that are not plants fungi or animals

A

protists (do not form a true clade)

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2
Q

most protists are ___________
some are _________________
some are _________________
some protists are ___________

A

unicellular
colonial
multicellular
multinucleate

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3
Q

____________________ no plasma membrane or cell wall separated between neighboring cells. A continuous stream of cytoplasm with many nuclei.

A

multinucleated

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4
Q

protists are

A

autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic

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5
Q

__________ are able to photosynthesize and consume food

A

mixotrophs

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6
Q

most protists are ___________ but some are ______________________ and some live entire in __________________

A

aquatic, terrestrial, in other organisms mutually or parasitically

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7
Q

protozoan are the ___________________

A

animal protists

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8
Q

slime molds and algae are the __________ (not true clade)

A

plant like protists

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9
Q

unicellular heterotrophs, move using multiple flagella, reproduce asexually, no cell wall, 2 nuclei, and primitive mitochondria

A

diplomonadida

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10
Q

in diplomonadida without fully function mitochondria, no cellular respiration occurs

A

instead fermentation living in anaerobic environments like stagnant freshwater and animal guts

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11
Q

a parasite that is taken into a humans intestine after the human drinks from a stream containing the parasites stage causes extreme diarriah

A

giardia

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12
Q

unicellular, move with many multiple flagella, reproduce asexually, no cell wall, one nucleus, primitive mitochondria

A

parabasalida

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13
Q

_____________________ are entirely symbiotic within animals.

A

parabasalids

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14
Q

type of parabasalida that lives mutualistically in the guts of termites. breaks down wood in termits

A

trichonympha

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15
Q

lives parasitically within the human genital system. Causes a sexually transmitted disease

A

trichomonas

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16
Q

unicellular heterotrophs, move using 2 flagella, asexually reproduce, no cell wall, full functional mitochondria

A

kinetoplastida

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17
Q

found in marine, freshwater, or most terrestrial environments. Certain kinetoplastides are parasitic. can cause african sleeping sickness, and kissing bug

A

trypanosoma

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18
Q

unicellular micotrophic, move using one flagellum, a second vestigial flagellum does not function, asexual reproduction, no cell wall, but have a pelical, fully functional mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

euglenida

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19
Q

a protein sheet lying directly beneath the plasma membrane, provides supports and protection but also flexibility

A

pellicle

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20
Q

euglena live mostly ___________________ an example is

A

marine water

ex- phytoplanktin

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21
Q

in euglenida

______________ stores and expel excess water in freshwater habitats

A

contractile vacuoles

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22
Q

in euglenida

____________________= the eyespot that sects light

A

phototaxis

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23
Q

-unicellular hetertrophs
-moving using many short cilia
-no cel wall
-mostly freshwater
-contractile vacuole
-two nuclei
ex- paramecium

A

Ciliate

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24
Q

regulates all cell function except reproduction in a ciliate

A

large micronucleus

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25
regulates reproduction and conjugation
small micronucleus
26
during what process does: - two ciliates exchange micronuclei - not considered sexual reproduction because no new cells are produced, instead genetic recombination
conjugation
27
-unicellular autotrophs -move using two flagella -reproduce asexually -cell wall made of cellulose -mostly marine ex- phytoplanktin
dinoflagellates
28
what habitat is zooxanthellae in? what is it?
the coral reefs. Its a dinoflagellet | _they are sheltered by corals and it exchange provide nutrients to corral
29
what id noctiluca associated with? what is it?
bioluminesces. its a dinoflagelet. | It is a form of defense.
30
what is ceratium? what is it associate with?
algae blooms. toxins produced by dinoflagellets are a harmful defense against predators. High levels of these toxins became dangerous to all of marine life.
31
-unicellular -no flagella/cilia -no cell wall -asexual and sexual reproduction -entirely parasitic within animals ex- toxoplasma
apicomplexa
32
causes toxoplasmosis in human fetuses resulting in spontaneous abortions and still births
toxoplasma
33
plasmodium causes ______________________. | Plasmodium is a ___________________
malaria (vectored by masquetios) | apicomplexa
34
plasmodium uses a _____________________ to penetrate red blood cells and infect with malaria
apical complex
35
-water molds -multinucleate heterotrophs -cell wall of cellulose -freshwater -reproduce asexually -unicellular spores produced by mitosis and possess two flagella mitosis and cytokeiniesis
oomycota
36
water molds attach to and grow from substrate being decomposed. Phytophthora causes a disease of potatoes called late blight
oomycota
37
phytophythoa an oomycota causes late blight in potatoes that was responsible for
potato famine
38
``` unicellular autotrophs cell walls of silica -marine or freshwater -consists of two halves called frustules -generally asexual reproduction -occasionally sexual reproduction ```
Diatoms
39
- linned with pores of the passages of nutrients across the wall - wall does no becomes when diatom dies instead the walls result in sand
Silica cell wall of Diatoms
40
marine or freshwater diatom example
phytoplankton
41
a _____________ is a slightly larger than the other and they fit together in an overlapping fashion
frustule
42
during sexual production
frustules split apart and produce a new smaller half
43
when the diatom become to small to continue forming
sexual reproduction occurs gametes possessing flagella are produced by meiosis
44
- gold algae - fucoxanthin - unicellular or colonial mixotropjs - two flagella - asexual - cell wall of silica or calcium carbonate - marine or freshwater
chrysophyta
45
-brown algae -fucoxanthin multicellular autotrophic -seaweeds -cell wall of cellulose -marine -sessile -reproduce sexually
phaeophyta
46
sexual reproduction of brown algae: | ________________________ life cycle
alternation of generations
47
familiar brown algae or phaeophyta
kelps and rock weeds in kelp forests
48
all brown algae posses the same four structures
- holdfast - stipe - blades - blatters
49
plant equivalent to a holdfast
root
50
plant equivalent to stipe
roots
51
plant equivalent to a blades
leaves
52
plant equivalent to a bladders
floats
53
- unicellular hetertrophs - move using long thread like cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia - reproduce asexually - no cell wall - mostly marine - calcium carbonate doesn't decompose creating limestone
foraminifera
54
- unicellular heterotrophs - move and feed using long need-like pseudopodia - no cell wall - mostly marine
radiolaria
55
-unicellular heterotrophs -lobe-shaped pseudopodia -movement occurs by way of cytoplasmic streaming -feeding occurs by way of phagocytosis -asexually no cell wall
amoebas
56
amoebas are free living in freshwater environments and contain contractile vacuoles. Some of them are _________________
parasitic
57
amoebas can cause
brain eating amebos | disentary
58
two types of slime molds
-cellular slime molds | plasmodial slime molds
59
- heterotrophic - terrestrial - no cell wall - decomposers - unicellular, colonial, multicellular
cellular slime molds
60
________________ is the most familiar cellular slime mold
dictoyosteum
61
during their feeding stage ___________ exist as unicellular amoeboid cells with lobe shaped pseudopodia move among leaf litter and fallen logs by way of cytoplasmic streaming -freed by way of phagocytosis -if spores lands in a suitable location it becomes anew unicellular amoeboid cell to start growing
cellular slime molds
62
- heterotrophic - terrestrial - no cell wall - decomposers in most habitats - no cell wall - multinucleate
plasmodial slime molds
63
- a multeanucleated web like mass called plasmodium - moves using cytoplasmic streaming - feeds by way of phagocytosis
plasmodial slime molds
64
how do you get a multinucleate structure
mitosis without cytokinesis
65
- unicellular or colonial heterotrophs - sessile - reproduce asexually - no cell wall - reproduce asexually - no cell wall - marine or fresh water - animalia protista
choanoflagellates
66
the individual cell or colony of cells is attached to its substrate by a single stalk
sessile
67
each choanoflagellate cell possesses one flagellum surrounded by a collar of ____________
microvilli
68
choanoflagellates are virtually identical to the feeding cells of sponges ______________
choanocytes
69
- red algae - multicellular - autotrophic seaweeds - marine - reproduce sexually - sessile - cell wall of cellulose
rhodophyta
70
red algae contain the pigment ______________ in addition to chlorophyll
phycoerythrin
71
the sexual reproduction cycle of red algae
alternation of generations
72
some have cell walls hardened with
calcium
73
________ red algae found among coral reefs
coraline
74
______________________ used as a growth medium in microbiology
agar
75
___________ used in the production of ice cream and toothpaste
cargeenan
76
porphyry or _________ used in sushi
nori
77
- green algae - autotrophic - cell wall of cellulose
chlorophyta
78
multinuclear green algae exhibit an ________________ life cycle
alternation of generations
79
- use to be considered members of chlorophyll these green algae are no known to be closer related to plants - multicellular autotrophs - cell wall of cellulose - freshwater
charophyceans
80
chart and coleochaete are the most familiar ____________
charophyceans

Biology 202- Organism Biology (30 decks)

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